PSYC 1010 - TEST 2

Sleep Paralysis

Inability to move during waking or REM sleep.

Hypnagogic State

Pre-sleep consciousness with vivid imagery.

REM Sleep

Stage with vivid dreams and rapid eye movement.

NREM Sleep

Non-REM stages with no eye movement.

Circadian Rhythm

Biological cycle regulated by light-dark cycles.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Brain's clock mechanism regulating circadian rhythms.

Melatonin

Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles, released in darkness.

Sleep Hygiene

Practices promoting quality sleep and regular schedules.

Sleep Deprivation

Lack of sleep affecting mental health and function.

Sleep Stages

Five stages occurring in 90-minute cycles.

Deep Sleep

Stage crucial for restoration and growth hormone production.

Light Sleep

Stage with decreased heart rate and body temperature.

Myoclonic Jerk

Sudden muscle contraction during the hypnagogic state.

Insomnia

Difficulty sleeping for at least three nights weekly.

Dreams

Mental experiences during sleep, often with emotional content.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Dreams as interpretations of random brain activity.

Dreams-for-Survival Theory

Dreams process critical information for daily survival.

Paradoxical Insomnia

Perception of being awake despite sleeping.

Sleep Needs

Average requirement of 7-8 hours per night.

Sleep Disorders

Conditions disrupting normal sleep patterns and quality.

Cultural Influence

Cultural context shapes experiences of sleep paralysis.

Sleep Rebound

Increased REM sleep following deprivation.

Peter Tripp Case

Extreme sleep deprivation leading to severe cognitive issues.

Sleep Stages Overview

Stages include NREM and REM, each with distinct functions.

Sleep and Aging

Sleep needs decrease as individuals age.

Shift Work Effects

Disrupts circadian rhythms, causing fatigue and cognitive decline.

Dream Interpretation

Freudian analysis of latent vs. manifest content.

Sleep-state misperception

Belief of sleep deprivation despite normal sleep.

Night terrors

Sudden waking episodes with screaming and confusion.

Sleep apnea

Blockage of airway during sleep, causing breathing issues.

Narcolepsy

Rapid onset of sleep directly into REM sleep.

Cataplexy

Sudden loss of muscle tone, often linked to narcolepsy.

REM behaviour disorder

Acting out dreams due to lack of paralysis.

Somnambulism

Walking while fully asleep with vague consciousness.

Sleep deprivation

Insufficient sleep leading to distress and fatigue.

Technology's impact on sleep

Intermittent awakenings and light exposure disrupt sleep.

Psychoactive drugs

Substances altering brain chemistry and behavior.

Stimulants

Drugs that increase CNS arousal and energy.

Caffeine

Stimulant improving mood and attentiveness.

Nicotine

Stimulant enhancing dopamine and norepinephrine activity.

Amphetamines

Strong stimulants increasing energy and concentration.

Cocaine

Stimulant causing euphoria and increased confidence.

Depressants

Drugs that slow down CNS activity.

Alcohol

Common depressant affecting judgment and behavior.

Balanced-placebo design

Expectations influence behavior more than physiological effects.

Barbiturates

Prescribed depressants inducing sleep and relaxation.

Benzodiazepines

Anxiety medications that are highly addictive.

Narcotics

Drugs relieving pain and inducing relaxation.

Opioids

Poppy-derived drugs causing euphoria and pain relief.

Hallucinogens

Substances producing hallucinations and altered perceptions.

MDMA

Psychedelic enhancing empathy and connection.

Tolerance

Need for increased dosage to achieve same effect.

Physical dependence

Withdrawal symptoms when drug is absent.

Psychological dependence

Cravings for drug to cope with stress.

Withdrawal

Symptoms experienced when stopping drug use.

Euphoria

Intense feelings of happiness and well-being.

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, linked to sleep apnea.

LSD

Psychedelic drug causing vivid hallucinations.

THC

Active compound in marijuana affecting perception.

Cognitive Impairment

Reduced mental function from prolonged cannabis use.

Cannabis-induced Psychosis

Hallucinations and delusions linked to cannabis use.

Instincts

Innate drives leading to specific behaviors.

Reflexes

Automatic responses to specific stimuli.

Learning

Permanent change in behavior from experience.

Habituation

Decreased response to repeated stimuli.

Sensitization

Increased response to a stimulus after exposure.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association between stimuli.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Initially neutral stimulus that triggers response after conditioning.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.

Extinction

Conditioned response decreases and disappears.

Spontaneous Recovery

Conditioned response reappears after extinction.

Stimulus Generalization

Similar stimuli elicit the same response.

Stimulus Discrimination

Ability to distinguish between different stimuli.

Fetishes

Sexual attraction to nonliving objects.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Avoidance of food after illness from it.

Operant Conditioning

Learning based on behavior consequences.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.

Positive Punishment

Adding stimulus to decrease behavior likelihood.

Negative Punishment

Removing stimulus to decrease behavior likelihood.

Law of Effect

Reward increases behavior likelihood; punishment decreases it.

Instinctive Drift

Return to innate behaviors despite reinforcement.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing behavior every time it occurs.

Partial Reinforcement

Occasional reinforcement of a behavior.

Biological Preparedness

Innate predisposition to learn certain associations.

Fixed

the # of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements is set and unchanging

Variable

the # of responses between reinforcements or amount of time between reinforcements varies or changes

Interval

schedule is based on the time between reinforcements

Ratio

schedule is based on # of responses between reinforcements

Fixed interval

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (patients take pain relief medication at set times)

Variable interval

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (checking facebook)

Fixed ratio

reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses (factory workers being paid for every x number of items manufactured)

Variable ratio

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (getting a big tip)

Latent learning

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement & becomes apparent only when there's a reason to use it

Cognitive maps

Developed cognitive maps, didn't demonstrate the learning until incentivized

Observational learning

Learning by watching the behaviour of another person or model

Three-stage model of memory

3 different types of memory, differ in span and duration; Information must travel through all stages in order to be remembered

Sensory memory

Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes