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Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms related to DNA transcription and translation.
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21 Terms
Transcription
The process by which enzymes use one strand of DNA as a template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA).
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The form of RNA that carries the information encoded in the gene from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.
RNA Polymerase
The enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from the DNA template during transcription.
Promoter
A specific sequence within a gene where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
Template Strand
The strand of DNA that serves as a guide for RNA synthesis during transcription.
Transcription Factors
Proteins that assist RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter region of a gene.
Start Codon
The codon (AUG) that signals the start of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.
Codon
A set of three bases on the mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
Polypeptide Chain
A chain of amino acids linked together, which forms a protein after translation.
Stop Codon
A codon that signals the termination of translation.
Translation
The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA at the ribosome by using tRNA.
Ribosome
The cellular structure where translation occurs, consisting of a small and a large subunit.
Reading Frame
The way nucleotides in mRNA are divided into codons for translation.
RNA Processing
The modifications that mRNA undergoes after transcription, before it leaves the nucleus.
Antisense Strand
The strand of DNA that is read by RNA polymerase to synthesize mRNA.
Sense Strand
The non-template strand of DNA that is not used during transcription.
Termination
The step in transcription where RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA and stops mRNA synthesis.
AUG
The start codon that initiates translation.
64 Codons
The total number of unique codons that can be formed from four bases, each codon consisting of three bases.
Amino Acid
The building blocks of proteins, linked together to form polypeptides.