Science Entrance

The main components of the human cardiovascular system

1. Heart

2. Blood

3. Blood Vessels

The Cardiovascular Systems of humans are

closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels.

Arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart

Arteries functions and characteristics:

1. thick walled

2. OXYGENATED conduct blood at HIGH pressures

3. Have a Pulse

4. NO valves to prevent backflow

Veins

1. Thin Walled

2. DEOXYGENATED conduct blood at LOW pressures.

3. NO pulse

4. Have valves to prevent backflow

Electrolytes

substance that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity.

Electrolytes are present in the human body

and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs.

Common electrolytes that are measured by doctors with blood testing includes:

1. sodium

2. potassium

3. chloride

4. bicarbonate

Disruptions in the normal bicarbonate level

1. measures CO2 in blood, bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer that maintains the normal levels of acidity (pH) in blood and other fluids of the body.

2. May be due to diseases that interfere with respiratory function, kidney diseases, metabolic conditions or other causes.

The upper gastrointestinal tract consist of the

1. esophagus

2. stomach

3. duodenum

The lower gastrointestinal tract include

1. small intestines

2. all of the large intestines

3. anus

Small intestine

absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food, where much of the digestion and absorption takes place.

Duodenum

first section of the small intestine, responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestines, using enzymes.

cecum

beginning of the large intestine, a pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine.

colon

to absorb water, but it also contains bacteria that produce beneficial vitamins like Vitamin K

4 sections of the colon

1. ascending

2. transverse

3. descending

4. sigmoid

Lymphocytes

cells of the adaptive immune system are special types of leukocytes.

• B and T cells are the major types

B cells are involved in the humoral Immune responses

the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies. Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses, or bacteria), which flags them for destruction.

T cells are involved in cell-mediated immune response.

Involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK)

first responses of the immune system to infection

1. inflammation

2. redness

3. swelling

4. heat and pain

   which are caused by increases blood flow into a tissue.

Phagocytes

“eating cell” immune cells that engulf phagocytes, pathogens or particles.

Leukocytes

all white blood cells, able to move freely and interact with and capture cellular debris, foreign particles, or invading microorganisms.

The innate leukocytes (WBC) includes

1. Natural Killer Cells

2. Mast Cells

3. Eosinophils

4. Basophils

5. Phagocytic Cells (macrophages)

6. Neutrophils

7. Dendric Cells

functions within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.

Two other important functions of the renal system, which are also performed by the kidneys

regulating and maintaining balance of electrolytes and the pH of the fluid that has been processed.

Fluid passing through kidneys is monitored and the proper concentration of ions such as

1. hydrogen

2. sodium

3. potassium

4. chloride

5. bicarbonate

6. sulfate

7. phosphate

The production of ammonia also keeps the processed fluid at a pH in kidneys of between

7.37 and 7.43 which is a critical for the proper function of the body.

The conversion of incoming nutrients to energy for the body’s various processes generates waste.

Much of this waste is soluble, that is, it can dissolve in water (and so in blood, which is largely compromised of water). This waste must be removed from the water and expelled from the body.

The ability of the renal system to function depends upon the presence of two hormones

1. antidiuretic hormone (AHD)

2. aldosterone

The performance of the renal system can be also be adversely affected by

diabetes mellitus excess glucose in the blood may not be removed by the kidneys, leading to the appearance of glucose in the urine.

Alveoli

only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood.

Smooth Muscle

involuntary muscle present in the arteries, gastrointestinal tract and elsewhere

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary muscles that cause body movement

Cardiac Muscle

tissue that makes up the heart

Glycolysis

takes glucose breaks it down to 2 pyruvate molecule to make NADH them make ATP through the electron transportation chain.

Protein

Provide cells with the ability to carry out function: chemical messengers, transport substance movement, immune defense.

Enzymes

act as a catalyst for all biochemical reactions, increases reaction rates by lowering activation energy.

Which of the following associations of brain structure and function false?

Hypothalamus: Appetite

Cerebellum: Motor Coordination

Cerebral Cortex: Higher Intellectual Function

Medulla: Basic emotional Drive

Medulla: Basic Emotional Drive

The absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood takes place in the:

Alveoli

Enzymes in human cells

are proteins, typically work best at pH 7.2

Which part of cellular respiration directly produces a pH gradient during the oxidative metabolism of glucose?

Electron Transport Chain

The air passage involved in respiration consist of

1. nose

2. pharynx

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. bronchi

6. bronchioles

7. alveoli

Sympathetic Nervous System

1. associated with fight or flight responses

2. increases heart rate

3. increases breathing rate

4. lowers digestive rate

5. cause pupil dilation

Parasympathetic nervous system

1. associated with rest and digest response

2. lower heart rate

3. no affect on breathing rate

4. increase digestive rate

5. doesn’t cause pupil dilation

Cones

photoreceptors that respond to high-intensity illumination and color

Rods

respond to low-intensity illumination (important in night vision), but do not detect color well

Most human digestion takes place in

Small intestine

Insulin is created in the body’s

pancreas

Tough elastic tissue found in the joins that connect bones are called

ligaments

Rods and Cones are light-sensitive cells inside the eyes:

Retina

Muscles controlled by conscious thought

Striated

Most of the nutrients in food are absorbed in the body’s

small intestine

In humans, RBC:

have no nucleus (red blood cells are made in the bone marrow, they lose their nuclei to make room for hemoglobin, so they cannot reproduce or repair themselves)

Saliva in the mouth begins the process of breaking down

Starch

In an emergency a person with type AB antigen in his red blood cells may receive a transfusion of

Type O, A or B

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to

acetyl-CoA

A single “turn” of the Krebs cycle will yield

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a

2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule

The Krebs cycle occurs in the

mitochondrion

Aerobic respiration is divided into two processes

The Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain, which produces ATP

Glycolysis produces

2 pyruvate molecules which are converted to acetyl-CoA

The liver

located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm and on top of the stomach right kidney and intestines.

Thyroid Hormones

produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism

thyroid functions

act on nearly ever cell in the body, increases the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate

Hypothalamus

Appetite

Cerebellum

Motor Coordination

Cerebral Cortex

Higher Intellectual Function

The gap between two nerve cells is called a

synapse

A layer of light-sensitive cells called what make up one of the layers of the retina?

Cones and Rods

Inflammation

secondary defense against pathogens

Trachea

connects larynx to bronchi

What gland listed below is not paired up with a hormone it produces?

Ovaries: estrogen

Thyroid: thyroxin

Posterior Pituitary: cortisol

Thymus: thymosin

posterior pituitary not matched correctly, it produces oxytocin and vasopressin

Sensory neurons and motors neurons make up the

PNS

Tendons connect

bone to muscle

The cochlea and pinna are parts of the

ear

The pancreas is what to the esophagus

proximal (meaning closer to the body’s trunk)

Pepsin is a substance used by the body to

break down proteins

T cells

responsible for recognizing non self cells

Alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow for gas exchange. They are part of the

respiratory system

medulla oblongata, cerebrum, cerebellum

parts of the human brain

The axial skeleton system does NOT include

skull

ribs

breastbone

skeletal muscles

skeletal muscles

On a tongue, taste buds pick up tastes that are sweet, sour, salty and

bitter

Peripheral Nervous System

made up of sensory neurons and motor neurons

Circulatory System

through ingestion and digestion, organisms make nutrients available to cells through absorption. These nutrients are transported through the body to be used.

Cardiac Cycle

the heartbeat a doctor hears through a stethoscope is the sound of the chambers of the heart contracting in a regular pattern called cardiac cycle.

Cardiac Muscle

heart is composed of these specialized muscle tissue, they are connected together in an electrical network that transmits nervous impulses throughout the muscle to stimulate contraction.

Sinoatrial Node

peace maker region, during each cardiac cycle, hearts gives the signal to contract

Sympathetic Nervous System and Epinephrine

Increase heart rate

Capillaries

permit the exchange of materials between the blood and the body’s cells, thin-walled vessels that are very small in diameter; red blood cells must pass through them in single file.

Lymph vessels:

the foundation for the lymphatic system that carries extracellular fluid at a very low pressure, without cells

Lymph nodes

responsible for filtering lymph to get rid of particles, maintaining the proper glance of fluids in tissues of the body and transporting chylomicrons as part of fat metabolism

Plasma is composed of

water, salts, proteins, glucose, hormones, lipids

Lungs

designed to move air between the exterior atmosphere and an interior space that is in close contact with the capillaries.

Medullar Oblongata

breathing rate is controlled by, part of the brain that monitors carbon dioxide content in the blood.

The air passage involved in respiration include:

1. nose

2. pharynx

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. bronchi

6. bronchioles

7. alveoli

Pharynx

involved in diverting ingested material into esophagus and away from the lungs to prevent choking

Larynx

contains membrane that vibrates in a controlled manner with the passage of air to create the voice

Trachea

carriers air through the vulnerable throat protected by flexible but strong rings of cartilage

Alveoli

tiny air sacs that are the site of gas exchange in the lungs

Alveoli

tiny air sacs that are the site of gas exchange in the lungs

Nervous System and Endocrine System

two communication systems that coordinate the activities of different tissues and organs