VETERINARY ANATOMY

In ruminants, which bones contain alveoli in which teeth develop?

Maxilla and mandible*

In estimating the age of an animal, various characteristics of teeth are considered, such as form, number, type, structure and periods of eruption. Which surface of the teeth is frequently used in determining age in ruminants?

Inferior alveolar artery*

Which blood vessel supplies the teeth of the lower (inferior) dental arcade in ruminants?

Inferior alveolar artery*

Which nerve supplies the teeth of the upper (superior) dental arcade in ruminants?

Infraorbital nerve*

Which nerve supplies the teeth of the lower (inferior) dental arcade in ruminants?

Inferior orbital nerve*

the blood vessels and nerves that supply the upper cheek teeth in ruminants traverse the:

infraorbital canal*

The blood vessels and nerves that supply the lower cheek teeth in ruminants traverse the:

Mandibular canal*

Which paranasal sinus is present in the ox but absent in small ruminants?

Sphenoid sinus*

In ruminant breeds with horns, which paranasal sinus is characterized by postorbital, nuchal and corneal diverticula?

Caudal frontal sinus*

to avoid invading the frontal paranasal sinus, calves should be dehorned:

before 4 months of age*

In ruminants, the paranasal sinuses drain into or communicate with the:

Middle nasal and ethmoid meati*

Which diverticulum poses difficulty while draining the caudal frontal sinus in oxen?

Posterior diverticulum*

The temporal line is an important landmark for anesthetizing a bovine horn, which is a part of the:

Frontal bone*

Many nerves innervate the horn in oxen. The major nerve supplying the bovine horn is derived from the:

Cornual nerve*

The major blood supply to the bovine horn is via the cornual artery, which is a branch of the:

Superficial temporal artery*

To anesthetize the cornual nerve in oxen, the anesthetic should be deposited subcutaneously:

Midway between the eye and the horn*

If not removed completely during dehorning, the modified skin around the base of the bovine horn can continue to generate horny growth. This patch of skin is called the:

Epikeras*

The scent glands of goats are modified sebaceous glands that, unless resected or cauterized, produce a repulsive musky odor in milk and meat. Which site contains an abundance of these scent glands?

Caudomedial to the base of the horn*

Which cranial nerve does not emerge through the orbitorotundum foramen and innervate the bulbar (ocular) muscles and adnexa of the eyeball?

Optic nerve*

Which artery is present in the ox but absent in small ruminants?

Facial artery*

Because jugular venipuncture is a common procedure in domestic animals, it is important to know the boundary of the jugular furrow (groove) among different species. A well-defined cranioventral boundary of the jugular furrow in sheep is lacking because of the absence of the:

Sternomandibularis muscle*

In small ruminants, which of the following is absent within the carotid sheath, including the pretracheal lamina?

Internal jugular vein*

Bone marrow is sometimes aspirated from the ribs or sternum of oxen. Which ribs are widest and most accessible for this procedure?

6th and 8th ribs*

In cattle, local anesthesia of the paralumbar fossa involves anesthesia of all of the following except the:

Ilioepigastric nerve*

Knowledge of the direction of fibers of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall is very important in abdominal surgery. While making a paralumbar incision, you find a muscle layer whose fibers course cranioventrally or caudo dorsally. This muscle is the:

Transversus abdominis muscle*

In removing foreign bodies from the reticulum, the rumen is entered via the dorsal sac in the left paralumbar fossa. As the surgeon's hand advances cranially toward the reticulum, it passes over the:

Cranial ruminal pillar and ruminoreticular fold*

Which structure in the thoracic cavity of ruminants, when enlarged or involved, could interfere with escape of gas from the rumen (belching or eructation) and/or gastric motility?

Caudal mediastinal lymph node*

In males, the peritoneal cavity is a closed sac, but in females it communicates with the exterior of the body, increasing the chances of spreading infection (peritonitis) via the:

Abdominal openings of the uterine tubes*

of the cardiac valves in ruminants, which is located most cranially?

Pulmonary valve*

In oxen, only a relatively small surface area of the lung is accessible to auscultation and/or percussion because a greater part of the cranial thoracic wall lies deep to the large mass of the:

Long head of the triceps brachii muscle*

Twisting of the neck and head in calves (wryneck or torticollis) is occasionally caused by sprain or injury to the brachiocephalicus muscle during parturition. Which nerve innervates this muscle?

Accessory nerve*

In domestic ruminants the relative size of the omasum varies. Concerning the size of the omasum and reticulum, which statement is most accurate?

The omasum is larger than the reticulum in cattle but smaller than reticulum in sheep and goat*

The omasum is usually located in the ventral half on the right side of the abdomen, underlying the area approximately between the 7th and 12th ribs, and is separated from the right abdominal wall by the:

Lesser omentum*

. Which of the following is "true" or "glandular" stomach in ruminants and does not form a part of the forestomach?

Abomasum*

Abomasal displacement is common in some breeds of cattle. The condition is corrected by surgically fixing which structure to the dorsal part of the right flank?

Greater omentum*

The ascending colon of the ruminants receives its blood supply from the

Right colic artery and colic branches of the cranial mesenteric aretery*

At necropsy the liver is always examined for gross lesions and inflammatory changes. Normally the borders of the liver are thin and sharp, except for the "rounded border", which is thick and located:

Adjacent to the caudate lobe and the gall bladder

Blood from which organ does not drain into the caudal vena cava?

Stomach*

. Blood from which organ does not drain into hepatic portal vein?

Rectum*

The gallbladder of ruminants is located between:

Quadrate and right lobes of the liver*

Damage to the suprascapular nerve near the neck of the scapula would result in motor dysfunction of the:

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles*

The spinal nerve exiting in the intervertebral foramen between the last cervical and first thoracic vertebrae is the:

8th cervical nerve*

In which ruminant species is unilateral pleuritis least likely to spread to the opposite pleural hemicavity to cause generalized pleuritis?

Ox and goat*

reverse peristalsis, as in regurgitation of food for remastication, is accomplished in ruminants because:

the tunica muscularis is entirely striated throughout its course, and an abdominal segment of the esophagus is lacking*

When an endotracheal tube is inserted beyond the level of the third intercostal space in the ox, it is most likely to cause atelectasis (collapse) of the:

Cranial lobe of the right lung*

In cattle, which structures are visible after incision into the right paralumbar fossa?

Greater omentum and descending colon*

penile paralysis and prolapse in bulls can be associated with the:

retractor penis muscle*

Concerning uterine curuncles, which statement is least accurate?

They tend to change position but remain the same size during pregnancy*

You are called to treat a cow whose mammary gland is sagging along the midline (intermammary groove), with teats pointing laterally. This condition is most likely the result of:

Rupture of the medial suspensory ligament of the udder and the cow's not being milked for 2 days*

50. On rectal palpation in a bull, you detect a signet ring-like structure (transverse band) surrounding the pelvic urethra. This structure is the:

Body of the prostate gland*

An enlargement in the area just cranial to the base of the scrotum in a bull is most likely caused by:

Hematoma of the penis*

Concerning the kidneys, which statement is least accurate?

A renal pelvis is absent in the ox, sheep and goat*

Which muscle is affected in femoral nerve paralysis?

Quadriceps femoris muscle*

In which species does the bile duct join the pancreatic duct before emptying into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla?

Small ruminants only*

Which muscle most aids in voiding of urine or semen from the penis?

Urethralis muscle*

"Udder" is a collective term used to designate the bovine mammary gland complex, each representing a mammary gland and its teat. In which region of the body is the udder of female ruminant located?

Inguinal region*

In cows, metritis can lead to mastitis because part of the venous drainage from the reproductive tract is said to drain into the venous circle at the base of the udder by way of the:

Ventral perineal vein*

Among the ruminants, the infraorbital sinus is only present in sheep and lies rostral to the medial angle of the eye. This cutaneous pouch forms a shallow external depression in:

The lacrimal bone*

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the stomach of pigs?

Dorsal and ventral vagal trunk*

The liver is firmly attached to the abdominal surface of the diaphragm by several ligaments. Which hepatic ligament is absent in pigs?

Caudate ligament*

In pigs, which of the following does not drain into the portal vein?

Liver*

The gall bladder of pigs is located between the:

Quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver*

. Concerning the penis of boars, which statement is least accurate?

The os penis is located cranial to the sigmoid flexure*

Scrotal hernia is most accurately described as a loop of the intestine that has passed through the:

Vaginal ring and is found between the visceral and parietal layers of the vaginal tunic (inside the vaginal cavity)*

. Concerning the kidneys of pigs, which statement is least accurate?

A renal pelvis is absent*

. In domestic quadrupeds, the 'pelvic diaphragm" is not well developed because most of the pelvic viscera are supported by the bony floor of the pelvic cavity. Which muscles are parts of the pelvic diaphragm?

. Levator ani and coccygeus muscles*

A complete fracture of a tuber calcaneus (with a separation of the tuber from the remainder of calcaneus) would most likely impair an animal's ability to:

. Extend the stifle*

The primary combined action of the internal obturator, external obturator and gamellus muscles is to:

Rotate the pelvic limb*

The paired muscle that opens the jaw is the:

Digastricus*

The muscle that most completely covers the distolateral surface of the femur is the:

Biceps femoris*

Most growth in height in a young dog occurs in the distal portion of the humerus and femur. The growth occurs in the:

Physes*

The muscle most closely in contact with the ventral surface of cervical vertebrae and intervertebral disks is the:

. Longus colli*

Which condition would most likely result in "sinking'" of the right carpal pad toward the floor surface when the limb supports weight?

. Fractured accessory carpal bone*

. The tendon of infraspinatus muscle may be best revealed by detaching and retracting the tendon of insertion of which muscle?

Deltoideus*

. If the common calcanean tendon of an animal is torn (separated), the animal loses most of its ability to:

Extend the hock*

. Movement of the proximal portion of the tibia caudally, relative to the femur, is an indication of a torn:

Caudal cruciate ligament*

In the midcervical region, lateral reflection of the left sternohyoideus muscle would most reveal the adjacent but deeper:

. Left sternothyroideus muscle*

The ligamentum nuchae

Assists in extension of the cervical vertebrae*

Tearing and separation of the tendon of insertion of which muscle would most impair an animal's ability to stand on the affected limb?

Quadriceps femoris*

A deep laceration directed dorsoventrally across the zygomatic and masseteric regions of the head would most likely damage the:

. Parotid salivary duct*

If you make a 4-cm craniocaudal incision in the linea alba of the abdomen, you will cut parallel to and between the fibers of the right and left:

Rectus abdominis*

In dogs, which tooth has the most roots?

4th upper molar*

In boars, which teeth are used as defensive weapons?

Canines*

In domestic animals, lymphatic tissue accumulations are found in several locations in the pharyngeal mucosa, called the tonsils. In pigs, which tonsillar structure is absent?

Palatine tonsil*

Paralysis of which muscle would most interfere with opening of the mouth?

Digastricus*

anal sacs:

are situated between the external and internal anal sphincters*

The 4th upper premolar in dogs has how many roots?

2 lateral and 1 medial*

. Which segment of gut has the longest supportive attachment, from the abdominal wall to the gut segment?

Jejunum*

. The ureters open into the urinary bladder through its:

Dorsocaudal surface*

In male dogs, the erectile tissue at the proximal end of the glans penis that is an integral part of the "tie" during copulation is the:

Bulbus glandis*

. Which vein does not normally drain directly into the right atrium?

Right pulmonary vein*

Coronary arteries are branches of the:

Aorta*

. The thoracic duct:

Drains lymph from the pelvic limbs, tail, and intestines*

. A dog with enlarged superficial inguinal and axillary lymph nodes and normal superficial cervical and popliteal lymph nodes most likely has an infection in its:

Mammary glands*

Which structure does not pass through all or part of the inguinal canal?

Deep femoral artery*

. "Sinking" of the manus, with more of the palmar surface coming in contact with the ground, would least likely result from damage to the:

Radial nerve*

. Drooping of the superior eyelid (ptosis) is not associated with damage to the:

Ophthalmic nerve*

. The first permanent tooth to erupt in horses is the:

First upper premolar*

"Floating" is a procedure in which sharp edges of the cheek teeth are filed off. On the superior dental arcade, the sharp edge is found on what surface of the teeth?

Vestibular border of the masticatory surface*

. Which of the following ganglia are not generally considered part of the peripheral nervous system?

. Basal ganglia*