sexual reproduction and health

Most important hormone in sperm production ?

Testosterone

Which hormone secreted by pituitary gland stimulates secretion of testosterone in testes, which stimulates sperm production?

LH - Luteinising hormone

Which hormone secreted by pituitary gland stimulates the maturation of sperm in testes?

FSH

The outer layer of the ovary divides to produce a primary————

oocyte

Small————cells are also produced by the outer wall and these surround the oocytes

follicle

After puberty the primary oocyte will divide by ————-once a month to form a secondary oocyte

meiosis

During meiosis the parent cell divides in two, leaving two cells with half the necessary ————————-

chromosomes

during fertilisation, a —————— cell will provide the other half of the required chromosomes

sperm

The follicle cells surrounding the primary oocyte rapidly multiply and ———-hormone is released

luteinising hormone

LH triggers the secondary oocyte to divide to form a mature egg contained within a———————(or ——-) follicle

vesicular follicle (or Graafian)

Which hormone starts the division of the secondary oocyte to form a mature egg within the vesicular follicle

LH

The Corpus luteum comes from the left over what ?

Vesicular follicle

Ovulation occurs in which the egg is released into the —————tube from the ——follicle

fallopian

vesicular

What is left from the vesicular follicle then becomes the ————

corpus luteum

The Corpus luteum secretes ——— & ——— to provide a suitable environment for pregnancy to occur

progesterone & oestrogen

The menstrual cycle is a monthly process which starts with the hypothalamus releasing ————-

Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone

Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone triggers the pituitary gland to release —— & ——

FSH & LH

FSH stimulates the development of the ———-follicle which is the start of egg (oocyte) development.

primary

The primary follicle produces ————

oestrogen

— helps to prepare the wall of the uterus

oestrogen

oestrogen causes the ——- follicle to become sensitive to LH which triggers ovulation

vesicular

oestrogen stops the release of ——- from the pituitary - otherwise more eggs would grow. negative feedback.

FSH

High levels of oestrogen inhbit what from being produced in the pituitary gland but stimulate more what ?

FSH

LH

High levels of what? make the most mature egg burst out of follicle & through ovary wall (ovulation)

LH

After ovulation the corpus luteum (left over vesicular follicle) produces…

progesterone

……helps to prepare the wall of the uterus

progesterone

Progesterone inhibits the hypothalamus and pituitary from releasing any more LH or FSH which …

prevents more eggs from developing.

If pregnancy does not occur then the corpus luteum disintegrates – ————is no longer released, and the lining of the uterus breaks down.(menstruation)

progesterone

If pregnancy occurs the embryo produces a hormone called human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) which protects the corpus luteum from breaking down. ————- continues to be released to support the developing embryo.

progesterone

Infertility - when diagnosed after how long?

regular unprotected sex for 1 to 2 years

primary & secondary infertility

no baby before is primary

_ _ _ _ is the most common cause of ovulation disorders

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

a drug for Crohns and Colitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis that causes of infertility in men -

sulfasalazine (an aminosalicylates) - reversible on withdrawal of treatment

What anti-oestrogen drug is used to treat PCOS infertility?

Clomifene

Which drug can also be used to treat PCOS because of it's effects on insulin levels?

Metformin

What drugs are used to treat hirsuitism as they are anti-androgen, and so block the effects of testosterone.

Cyproterone, finasteride, specific combined oral contraceptives, e.g. dianette

What products contain varying proportions of FSH and LH, and are used to produce the surge in hormones needed to stimulate ovulation

Chorionic Gonadotrophins - choriogonadotropin alfa, follitropin alfa, menotrophin.

what is the most common synthetic oestrogen in COCs

Ethinylestradiol

what are the 3 most common synthetic progestogens in COCs?

Drospirenone , Gestodene , Levonorgestrel

POP do not suppress ovulation as increasing oestrogen does this but which progestogen is an exception to this ?

Desogestrel

Desogestrel is a ———- is metabolised in the intestines and liver, yielding etonogestrel.

prodrug

Emergency hormonal contraception DRUGS ARE..

Levonorgestrel & Ulipristal acetate

1.5mg tablet up to 3 days (72 hours) after UPSI

delays ovulation and thickens cervical mucous.

Levonorgestrel

30mg tablet up to 5 days (120 hours) after UPSI

blocks the effects of progesterone & prevents ovulation - known to be teratogenic

Ulipristal acetate

Need 3mg if BMI greater than 26 , or taking enzyme inducing medications like St. John's Wort.

Levonorgestrel

Medical Terminations - 3 main drugs

Mifepristone is given before the prostaglandin analogues - Misoprostol or Gemeprost.

***** (steroid) given first, ****reduces production of progesterone making cervix more sensitive to following prostaglandin drug

Mifepristone

****** (synthetic prostaglandin) causes contractions and the termination of pregnancy.

Misoprostol

*****(synthetic prostaglandin) dilates cervix and is administered vaginally after mifepristone

Gemeprost