JMU HTH 245 Exam 1

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cell"

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1st person to observe living things; known as the "Father of Microbiology" "Animalcules"

Florence Nightingale

Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing.

Miasma Theory

The theory that diseases were caused by miasma or bad air arising from organic decay, filth, or other conditions of the local environment.

Ignaz Semmelweis

Person who advocated hand-washing to prevention transmission from one patient to another (Child bed fever)

Joseph Lister

Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery

microbes

microscopic organisms, pathogen

(There are types)

viruses

Genome RNA or DNA

Needs living cell to replicate (non-living)

Protozoan

A unicellular, animal-like protist. Most harmless and move by flagella/psuedopods

helminths

multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or flukes

prions

infectious protein particles that do not have a genome (Non-living) Mad cow disease

John Snow

"father of epidemiology" water pump cholera outbreak map

Louis Pasteur

Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria (proved germ theory)

Disease spec surveillance

Targets disease and sends report to center

Syndrome/symptom specific surveillance

Real time data collection, non specific health info on population

Event surveillance

Detect potential/confirmed epidemics (CDC)

Emerging vs. reemerging disease

New disease haven't seen before (Ebola, corona) vs. Something we have seen before

Biological relationships (BR)

Mutualism

commensalism

parasite

Symbiosis, living together

M-Both benefit

C-One doesnt mind, other needs it.

P-Disease causes harm to host

infectious diseases

Communicable

Contagious

Infectivity

Pathogenicity

Virulence

Direct exposure to pathogen

Cm-Can be transmitted to another person

Cn-How easily something is shared

I-Ability to infect a host

P-Microbes ability to cause disease

V-Degree of pathology (How severe X is)

Infective dose (ID)

minimal number of microbes necessary for infection

LD50

the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population

Cycle of Microbial Disease

1. Pathogen

2. Reservoir-Non living carriers

3. Transmission-how it leaves exit and enters Portal

4. Portal of entry

5. Portal of exit

indirect transmission

The transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles or by animate (vector) or inanimate (vehicle) intermediaries

Vectors

living organisms (Bugs) that carry from one host to another passively (fly)

biological vector

Active, goes in mosquito then transfers to another

Epidimiology

study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations

sporadic disease

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

endemic disease

disease constantly present in a population (Cold)

epidemic

Sudden increase in disease, above norm

Two types of epidemics

Common Source

Propogated

CS- Contacted w/ single source (water/Chipotle)

P- Person to person contact (Chicken Pox)

reproduction ratio

measures potential of transmission

Ro-1/Ro

herd immunity

If majority of Population is immune, harder to transfer to rest of population, stops disease trail.

James Simpson

Concept of patient isolation (Chloroform?)

Robert Koch

Microbes lead to Disease

Koch's Postulates

series of guidelines used to identify the microorganism that causes a specific disease

Koch's Postulates List

1. The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease

2. The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal

4. The pathogen must be re isolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen