Immune System Overview

What are microbes?

viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi

What is immunology?

the study of the system that defends living things from microbial attacks

What does the immune system protect the animal against?

Infection that can cause sickness and death

Why are vaccines given?

To direct the immune system to be more prepared to resist future infection and disease

T/F The immune system is only a preventative system

false

T/F Components of the immune system mediate healing of wounds and other tissues injury

True

T/F the immune system can kill cancer cells

true

The immune system uses what from body fluids to protect you?

cells and soluble factors

T/F Immunology is in everything

True

What is it called when the immune system does not work due to deficiency or dysfunction of one or more components?

Immunodeficiency

What is primary immunodeficiency?

the host was born with it

What is secondary immunodeficiency?

the host develops the defect as a result of some other primary problem

What is acquired immunodeficiency?

the host develops the defect as a result of some other primary problem

What is an example of secondary immunodeficiency in cats?

FIV

T/F the immune system can do too much

true

What is disease due to?

organ damage as a side effect of response to something else

A horse is presented with dark red oral mucous membranes due endotoxic shock. What pathogen causes this?

bacteria

What are hypersensitivity disorders?

A subset of conditions caused by a harmful overreaction of the immune response

What are examples of hypersensitivity disorders?

allergies and asthma

What are chronic inflammatory conditions often a result of?

excessive immune response

What is it called when the immune system attacks the host?

autoimmunity

“auto”

self

What molecules can be the target of autoimmune attacks?

Proteins or DNA

Autoimmune diseases last how long?

lifelong

What immune response is immediate and always active?

Innate

What immune response responds to a broad variety of agents?

Innate

What immune response takes several days-weeks to be fully active?

adaptive

What type of immune response do vaccines target?

adaptive

How many agents does the adaptive immune response attack?

one

What immune response has memory?

adaptive

What are the two major sites of innate and adaptive immune responses?

Mucosal surfaces and blood/tissue fluids

What are examples of the physical or chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

skin, mucociliary elevator, gastric pH, and urine flow

What are examples of soluble factors of the innate immune system?

in serum, secretions, excretions, and tissue fluids

What cellular factors are apart of the innate immune system?

granulocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, gamma delta T cells, and epithelial cells

What are examples of non-infectious injury that the innate immune response initially responds?

trauma, burns or frostbite, and bites

What kicks off the immune response?

inflammation

What 'sees’ PAMPs and DAMPs?

Sentinel cells

When an infection is present, what do sentinel cells see?

PAMPs

When a tissue injury is present, what do sentinel cells see?

DAMPs

What do sentinel cells cause an influx of?

innate immune cells and vascular change

Sentinel cells trigger the release of what two molecules?

Cytokines and vasoactive molecules

What does PAMP stand for?

pathogen associated molecular patters

PAMP or DAMP: Gram positive bacteria

PAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Lipopolysaccharide

PAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Mannan-rich carbohydrates

PAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Unmethylated CpG nucleotide motifs

PAMP

PAMP or DAMP: dsRNA

PAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Hyaluronic acid

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: fibronectin

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: collagen-derived peptides

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: elastin

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: HMGB1

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Unmethylated CpG DNA from mitochondria

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Adenosine

DAMP

PAMP or DAMP: Uric acid

DAMP

End