Biology 1010 USU Mid term (Jen Burbank)

Ionic Bond

Electrons are given and taken; ions are formed

Covalent Bond

Characterized by shared electrons

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

This bond occurs when atoms share electrons equally

Polar Covalent Bond

This bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally

Hydrogen Bond

Form between partial charges on H-containing molecules (weak bond)

True or False: Water is Polar

True! A single water molecule consists of two polar covalent bonds between hydrogens and oxygen resulting in polarity.

True or False: Water is Cohesive

True! Because of water's polarity and the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules. (I.E. Water floats, and is a good solvent)

True or False: Carbon is the backbone of all organic materials.

True

Carbohydrates are made out of what elements?

(C) Carbon (H) Hydrogen (O) Oxygen

What is Carbohydrates Monomer?

Monosaccharides, simple sugars, glucose

What elements are Lipids made up of?

(C)Carbon, (H)Hydrogen,(O)Oxygen

True or False: Lipids are polymers?

False, they are not built from monomers

What are components of fat in a lipid?

1. Glycerol 2. Fatty Acids

What is a defining factor of a lipid?

It's Hydrophobic (non-polar)

What elements is a protein made up of?

(C)Carbon, (H)Hydrogen, (O)Oxygen, (N)Nitrogen

What Monomer is in protein?

Amino Acids

What determines a proteins function?

Its shape

What is a Polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids

What elements are Nucleic Acids made of?

(C)Carbon, (H)Hydrogen, (O)Oxygen, (N)Nitrogen, (P)Phosphorus

What monomers are in Nucleic Acids?

Nucleic Acids

True or False: Is DNA and RNA Polymers of Nucleic Acid?

True

What is the Ribosomes function in the cell?

Synthesis of Protein

Are ribosomes found in plant cells or animal cells?

both

What is the Mitochondria's function in the cell?

Powerhouse of the cell

Are Mitochondria's found in plant cells or animal cells?

Both

What is the Chloroplasts function in the cell?

Photosynthesis

Are Chloroplasts found in plant cells or animal cells?

Plant

What is the Cytoskeleton's function in the cell?

Helps maintain the shape of the cell.

Are Cytoskeleton's found in plant cells or animal cells?

Both

What organelles are of the Endomembrane system?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus (or

complex or body), lysosomes, vesicle and vacuoles, cell (or plasma) membrane.

What is the difference between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth rough endoplasmic Reticulum?

Rough (ER) has bumps on its surface.

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum's (ER) function in the cell?

Modifies proteins, Synthesize Lipids.

Is the Endoplasmic Reticulum found in plant cells or animal cells?

Both

What is Lysosomes function in the cell?

Delivers materials

Are Lysosomes found in plant cells or animal cells?

animal

What is the Golgi Apparatus' function in the cell?

Sorting, packaging, and distribution.

Is the Golgi Apparatus found in plant cells or animal cells?

both

What is the Vesicle and Vacuoles function in the cell?

Storage and transport

Are the Vesicle and Vacuoles found in plant cells or animal cells?

Both

Does Passive transport have energy?

No it doesn't

What is Diffusion?

Molecules spreading into space

What molecules are transported in diffusion?

O2, CO2. (and other small gasses)

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Molecule movement down the gradient. That is assisted with proteins.

What is Osmosis?

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. (From high water concentration to low)

What is the difference between Hypertonic and Hypotonic?

Hypertonic is a higher solute concentration, and Hypotonic is a lower solute concentration,

What does it mean when something is Isotonic?

It has an equal solute concentration.

Does Active Transport require energy?

yes (ATP)

What is Endocytosis?

The process that takes matter in and forms a vacuole

What is Exocytosis?

Contents of cell vacuole is released by fusion

Is Endocytosis and Exocytosis forms of active transport?

Yes!

What is an Enzyme?

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. (Biological catalyst)

What is an active site?

A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein (or other substance during a reaction)

What is a Substrate?

The substance on which an enzyme acts

How do Enzymes increase reaction rate?

By lowering the activation energy

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

make ATP

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

Reactants: C6H12O6+6O Products: 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

What is the role of the digestive system in the body?

Breaks down food

What is the role of the Respiratory System in the body?

Brings in Oxygen and releases Oxygen

What is the role of the Circulatory system in the body?

Delivers Oxygen and Glucose, and picks up Carbon Dioxide

Where does Glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

How much energy does Glycolysis produce?

2 ATP

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

mitochondria

How much energy does Krebs cycle produce?

2 ATP

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

mitochondria

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No, it is anaerobic

Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen?

Yes, it is aerobic

Does the electron transport chain require oxygen?

Yes, it is aerobic

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

to convert energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be used for food

Products and reactants of photosynthesis

Products: 6H2O+6CO2+light Reactants: C6H12O6+6O2

What is the stomata? (Stoma)

Pore in a leaf where gas can exchange (CO2 for O2)

What does the chloroplast do?

Use sunlight to create oxygen and sugar (glucose)

What does chlorophyll do?

absorbs (other types of) light energy

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

Chloroplast

Formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Monomer of DNA

nucleotide

Adenine ( A ) pairs with

Thymine

Cytosine ( C ) pairs with

Guanine

The Cell Cycle

G1:growth, S:synthesis and dna replication, G2; growth and prep for cell division, M: mitosis/cell division

Chromosomes

Double stranded dna wound around proteins (unreplicated)

sister chromatids

Identical double stranded dna molecules resulting from dna replication (is replicated)

PMAT and cytokenis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate

Telephase

reverse of prophase, chromosomes go back to chromatin

Cytokinesis

physical splitting of the cell contents

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells (pile up,break away, and form new tumors)

p53 gene

50% of all human tumor cells

Pronto-oncogenes

promote cell division

tumor suppressor genes

inhibit cell division

Oncogenes

Mutant version of Porto-oncogene

Gene

A segment of DNA carrying instruction to make proteins

DNA polymerase

main enzyme involved in DNA replication

stem cells

Cells from which specialized cells are generated

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

polymer of carbohydrates

starch, glycogen, cellulose

polymer of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same