FSU Oceanography Chapter 12 (most) Pearson Questions

12.1: Judge the following sentence: Most marine animals live near the ocean surface BECAUSE this is where food can be obtained.

The assertion and reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

12.2: Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are ________.

holoplankton

12.3: Most marine species inhabit the benthic environment because it ________.

is less stable than the planktonic environment.

12.4: Judge the following sentence: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

12.5: The inner ________ zone extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom.

sublittoral

12.4: Many zooplankton participate in diel vertical migration. What are the benefits of this?

Reduced daytime predation, To feed on phytoplankton, Reduced metabolism, Reduced nighttime predation

12.5: What is the surface layer of the ocean called?

epipelagic zone

12.5: Sunlight can penetrate through which layers of the ocean?

epipelagic zone, mesopelagic zone

12.5: Which of the following statements regarding dissolved oxygen in the surface ocean is true?

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are low in the surface layer due to the actions of waves, diatoms, and coccolithophores.

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are low in the surface layer due to the action of zooplankton.

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are high in the surface layer due to the actions of waves, diatoms, and coccolithophores.

Photosynthesis in the surface ocean consumes dissolved oxygen.

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are high in the surface layer due to the action of zooplankton.

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are high in the surface layer due to the actions of waves, diatoms, and coccolithophores.

12.5: Which of the following statements is/are true regarding dissolved oxygen concentrations with depth?

Oxygen levels in the mesopelagic zone are a function of high rates of decomposition and the lack of photosynthesis.

Oxygen concentrations increase with depth through the bathypelagic zone.

The point where oxygen concentrations reach their minimum value is called the dead zone.

Oxygen concentrations reach their minimum value in the abyssopelagic zone.

Oxygen concentrations increase with depth through the mesopelagic zone.

Oxygen levels in the mesopelagic zone are a function of high rates of decomposition and the lack of photosynthesis, Oxygen concentrations increase with depth through the bathypelagic zone.

12.5: Which of the following statements is/are true regarding phosphate concentrations with depth?

Phosphate levels in the mesopelagic zone are a function of high rates of photosynthesis.

Phosphate is used by marine algae to create organic tissues.

The minimum oxygen concentration coincides with the maximum phosphate concentration because decomposers consume oxygen and release phosphate and other nutrients during the process of decomposition.

Concentrations are high in the surface layer due to the actions of phytoplankton.

Phosphate concentrations increase with depth through the mesopelagic zone.

Phosphate is used by marine algae to create organic tissues, The minimum oxygen concentration coincides with the maximum phosphate concentration because decomposers consume oxygen and release phosphate and other nutrients during the process of decomposition, Phosphate concentrations increase with depth through the mesopelagic zone.

12.1: What is symbiosis?

groups of organisms living together for mutual benefit

12.1: Archaea are also known as which of the following?

hosts

extremophiles

cyanobacteria

eukaryotes

parasites

extremophiles

12.1: Eukaryotes include which of the following?

Eubacteria

Protista

Archaebacteria

Fungi

Plantae

Protista, Fungi, Plantae

12.1: In which kingdom does marine kelp belong?

Protista

12.1: In which kingdom do jellyfish belong?

Animalia

12.4: What process do phytoplankton use to stay afloat in surface waters?

frictional resistance

12.4: Phytoplankton have a small body size and a large surface-to-volume ratio. What is/are the advantages of these features?

buoyancy, ease of nutrient absorption, ease of waste expulsion

12.4: What is the surface area-to-volume ratio of a cube with sides of 2 centimeters (.8 inch)?

3

12.4: Which of the following statements is/are true regarding organism size?

Doubling the size of an organism’s side cuts the surface-to-volume ratio by one-third.

The surface area-to-volume ratio generally decreases with increasing size.

An average amphipod has a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6.

For an organism with a surface–to-volume ratio of 6, 95% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin.

For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 1.5, 5% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin.

The surface area-to-volume ratio generally decreases with increasing size, For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 6, 95% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin, For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 1.5, 5% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen diffusion across the skin.

12.4: Why must organisms that rely on nutrient diffusion remain very small?

As surface area increases, volume increases even more, prohibiting nutrients from reaching vital tissues through diffusion, As surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, the ability for nutrients to reach an organism’s tissues through diffusion decreases.

12.4: What is osmosis?

The process of water molecules moving from a hypotonic solution through a semi-permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution.

12.4: In what direction do water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane?

From areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

12.4: Compared to the internal salinity of a fish in the ocean, the surrounding seawater would be considered

Hypertonic, and the fish would lose water via osmosis

12.4: Compared to a solution of freshwater, a cell that contains dissolved solutes would be considered:

Hypertonic and would absorb water

12.4: What happens when two solutions are isotonic?

There is no net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

12.4: What adaptation must a saltwater fish have to counteract the effects of osmosis?

They must be able to replace the water in their bodies lost to osmosis.

12.5: Which of the following is true of dissolved oxygen?

In the mesopelagic zone, the concentration of dissolved oxygen increases due to photosynthetic algae.

At the top of the epipelagic zone, dissolved oxygen is at its maximum concentration (2 ppm).

In the mesopelagic zone, the concentration of dissolved oxygen increases due to mixing with high-oxygen cold water from polar regions.

In the mesopelagic zone, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases due to uptake by organisms and a lack of atmospheric mixing.

At the bottom of the epipelagic zone, dissolved oxygen reaches its minimum concentration due to reduced mixing with the atmosphere.

In the mesopelagic zone, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases due to uptake by organisms and a lack of atmospheric mixing.

12.5: At what depth is phosphate concentration lowest? Why?

Phosphate concentration is lowest at the surface due to uptake by photosynthetic algae.

12.5: Which of the following factors most influences the shape of the dissolved oxygen and phosphate curves?

sunlight

12.4: Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish and saltwater fish is/are true?

Saltwater fish live in water that is less salty than their body fluids.

The skin of saltwater fish is an impermeable membrane.

The skin of freshwater fish is a semipermeable membrane.

Freshwater fish and saltwater fish have evolved differently to adapt to their different environments.

Freshwater fish live in water that is less salty than their body fluids.

The skin of freshwater fish is a semipermeable membrane, Freshwater fish and saltwater fish have evolved differently to adapt to their different environments, Freshwater fish live in water that is less salty than their body fluids.

12.4: What is osmosis?

Water molecules move from the less-concentrated solution to the more-concentrated solution, meaning that in this case they move from the less-salty water to the more-salty water.

12.4: Which of the following statements regarding osmosis in freshwater fish and saltwater fish is/are true?

Osmosis transfers water molecules from the bodies of saltwater fish into the surrounding water.

Osmosis transfers water molecules from the surrounding water into the bodies of  freshwater fish.

Saltwater fish are hypertonic relative to their environment.

Freshwater fish are hypotonic relative to their environment.

Freshwater fish and saltwater fish are subjected to osmotic pressure as water molecules move across their skin.

Osmosis transfers water molecules from the bodies of saltwater fish into the surrounding water, Osmosis transfers water molecules from the surrounding water into the bodies of freshwater fish, Freshwater fish and saltwater fish are subjected to osmotic pressure as water molecules move across their skin.

12.5: How are freshwater fish adapted to their freshwater surroundings?

They do not drink freshwater.

12.5: How are saltwater fish adapted to their saltwater surroundings?

They excrete salt through specialized cells, They excrete a small volume of very salty urine.

12.1: Examine the organisms below and choose the organism that does not fit the taxonomic classification pattern.

giant kelp

bat stars

common dolphins

killer whales

humans

giant kelp

12.1: Which of the following categories of taxonomic classification is most specific?

family

order

phylum

kingdom

species

species

12.1: Which of the following organisms have a backbone?

common dolphins

killer whales

humans

giant kelp

bat stars

common dolphins, killer whales, humans

12.1: Which of the following organisms give birth to live young?

killer whales

bat stars

common dolphins

giant kelp

humans

killer whales, common dolphins, humans

12.1: Asterina miniata is the scientific Latin name for the bat star. What is the translation of Asterina miniata?

small star

12.1: Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and bat stars?

Order

Phylum

Class

Kingdom

Family

Kingdom

12.1: Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and common dolphins?

Class

Phylum

Genus

Order

Family

Class

12.1: In the marine ecosystem, which of the following kingdoms is represented by species that function primarily as decomposers?

Eubacteria

Animalia

Archaebacteria

Fungi

Protista

Fungi

12.1: Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals?

Animalia

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

12.1: Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions?

Archaea

Archaeabacteria

Bacteria

Ediacaria

Eukarya

Eukarya

12.1: Bacteria includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a ________.

nucleus

12.2: Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates?

Plankton

Nekton

Animalia

Plantae

Benthos

Nekton

12.2: Which of the following plankton are the largest?

Macroplankton

Phytoplankton

Picoplankton

Virioplankton

Zooplankton

Macroplankton

12.2: Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food?

Phytoplankton

Synthoplankton

Photoplankton

Holoplankton

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

12.2: Krill moves in the ocean as ________.

nekton

12.2: Planktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in planktonic form and the rest of their lives as either benthos or nekton are called:

meroplankton

12.3: Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities?

Between 150,000 and 200,000

12.3: The group comprising the largest number of species on Earth is the __________.

insects

12.4: Judge the following sentence: During low-oxygen conditions, such as decomposing algal blooms or pollution events, most marine animals with gills can survive BECAUSE they can simply breathe air at the surface.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

12.4: Judge the following sentence: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are mainly isotonic.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

12.4: Stenothermal organisms are found predominantly in the ________.

deep, open ocean

12.4: Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance.

increases; increases

12.4: Coastal organisms that can tolerate large changes in salinity are known as ________.

euryhaline

12.4: The majority of marine invertebrates are:

isotonic with respect to their environment.

12.5: The ________ zone corresponds generally to the continental slope.

bathyal

12.5: The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province.

abyssopelagic

12.5: Neritic marine environments would be found:

associated with continental shelves.

12.1: A plankton biologist has discovered a new species and he needs your help classifying it into the proper kingdom. All you can observe is that this microscopic organism has just one nucleus in its cell, and it has chlorophyll, so it must be photosynthetic. What kingdom does it belong to?

Protista

12.2: Which of the following is not a phytoplankton?

Coccolithophores

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms

Fish larva

Fish larva

12.2: The majority of our planet's biomass is represented by __________.

phytoplankton

12.3: The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________.

million

Judge the following sentence: Most marine organisms are affected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

12.4: Water’s viscosity is a ________ to planktonic organism and a ________ to nektonic organisms.

help; hindrance

12.4: Judge the following sentence: The inhabitants of the open ocean risk desiccation BECAUSE they live in an environment of abundant saltwater.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

12.4: The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies, camouflaging them against the water-air interface is:

countershading.

12.4: A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it:

increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking, increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, increases the ability to absorb nutrients

12.4: The primary reason phytoplankton are "concerned" about buoyancy is that they __________.

cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone

12.5: The zone between high and low tides coincides with the ________ zone.

littoral

12.5: The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis is called the ________ zone.

euphotic

12.5: The ________ zone has no light, and it exists below about 1000 meters (3300 feet).

aphotic

12.5: Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the:

bathypelagic zone.

12.1: Which of the following domains is a group of simple, microscopic, bacteria-like creatures that includes methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vents and seeps?

Archaea

Archaeabacteria

Bacteria

Ediacaria

Eukarya

Archaea

12.1: Which of the following agencies defines life as "Life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution?"

NOAA

NASA

POTUS

FBI

EPA

NASA

12.1: Which of the following associations is incorrect?

Kingdom Fungi—mushrooms

Kingdom Protoctista—phytoplankton

Kingdom Plantae—algae

Kingdom Animalia—dolphins

Kingdom Monera—bacteria in hydrothermal vents

Kingdom Plantae—algae

12.2: Which of the following organisms are classified as benthos?

Sea anemones in the rocky intertidal zone

Larval marine snails in the pelagic zone

Sponges growing on a substrate

Clams living in burrows

Sand dollars just beneath the sand

Crabs that crawl across the sea floor

Sea anemonies in the rocky intertidal zone, Sponges growing on a substrate, Clams living in burrows, Sand dollars just beneath the sand, Crabs that crawl across the sea floor

12.2: Of the following factors, which is/are used to classify marine organisms as plankton, nekton, or benthos?

Where they live (their habitat)

Their mobility (how they move)

Organism size

Proximity to land

The maximum depth of water in which they can survive

Where they live (their habitat), Their mobility (how the move)

12.2: Which of the following terms describes organisms that live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor?

Benthonektos

Epifauna

Infauna

Nektobenthos

Planktofauna

Nektobenthos

12.2: Plankton that measure between 2 to 20 centimeters are classified, based on size, as which of the following?

Macroplankton

Phytoplankton

Picoplankton

Virioplankton

Zooplankton

Macroplankton

12.3: The current number of documented marine species represent about ________ of all known species on Earth.

13%

12.4: Which of the following differences between warm-water and cold-water species is not directly caused by differences in water temperature?

Total biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters.

Warm-water species often have ornate plumage which is absent in the larger cold-water species.

Tropical organisms grow faster and have a shorter life expectancy than those in colder water.

Cold-water organisms reproduce later and less frequently than those in tropical waters.

Floating organisms are physically smaller in warm waters than in colder waters.

Total biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters.

12.4: The movement of a substance in solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in a living organism is called:

diffusion

12.5: The ________ zone consists only of deep trenches along the margins of continents.

hadal

12.1: Which of the following kingdoms includes the blue-green algae?

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Fungi

Plantae

Protista

Eubacteria

12.1: Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans?

Animalia

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

12.1: The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________.

sunlight

12.2: Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud?

Benthonektos

Epifauna

Infauna

Nektobenthos

Planktofauna

Infauna

12.5: What reason best explains the decrease in oxygen levels beneath the epipelagic zone?

Decomposition of organic material

12.5: You are about to go out and harvest some Pismo clams. The environment you find them in will be __________.

bethnic, littoral

12.5: The ________ zone is from the surface to a depth of 200 meters.

epipelagic

12.5: The ________ province approximately encompasses the continental shelf.

subneritic

12.5: The ocean floor of the ________ zone is covered by soft oceanic sediment, primarily clay.

abyssal

12.4: Judge the following sentence: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE tropical organisms grow faster, have a shorter life expectancy.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

12.4: Most fish need a minimum of ________ parts per million of dissolved oxygen in seawater to survive for long periods.

4

12.2: Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Floating Sargassum

Diatoms

Zooplankton

Jellyfish

Squid

Squid

12.5: Waters of the continental shelf are generally __________.

within the neritic province, within the epipelagic zone, highly productive waters