Studied by 4 people
Anthropology
The study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultures.
Psychology
scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Sociology
Study of humans social behavior, including groups, individuals and societies
Bystander Effect
people are less likely to help someone in need if there are other people around. This happens because everyone thinks someone else will take action, so no one does.
Ethics
Ethics is the study of right and wrong behavior
Asch conformity experiment
It was the line length matching experiment and proved that we are more likely to conform to a majority’s behavior
Stanley Milgram experiment
The Stanley Milgram experiment was a study about why people follow orders, even when it means hurting others. People were asked to give electric shocks to someone else, showing how far they'd go when told to by an authority figure.
Stanford prison experiment
The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study where people pretended to be guards and prisoners in a fake jail.
Values
collection of the standards that a group generally agrees on as being good or ideal
Norms
rules or standards about acceptable ways to act
Socialization
the continuous process where an individual learns the appropriate behavioural patterns, skills, and values for his or her social world.
Structural functionalism
How different parts of society work together to keep things stable. Example- the education system
Conflict theory
Society has inequality and conflict between different groups. Example- Gender wage gap
Feminism
Feminism is about fairness, saying men and women should have the same rights and chances in life. It works to change society's ideas about gender and make things more equal for everyone.
Patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system where men hold primary power and authority
Intersectionality
People have different identities (like race, gender, and class) that can intersect and affect their experiences. Example- understanding how a person's experiences may be shaped by both their gender and their race.
Queer theory
challenges traditional ideas about gender, sexuality, and identity. Example- advocating for LGBTQ+.
Symbolic interactionism
How people create meaning through social interactions and symbols. Example- studying how people use gestures to understand each other.
Conformity
Going along with what most people think or do. It's like fitting in and following the crowd.
Discrimination
Treating groups or individuals unfairly because of their race, gender, or other common characteristics
Prejudice
When someone has negative attitudes or acts with hostility towards another social groups.
Empathy
ability to understand and share the feelings of another person
David Reimer – The boy who was raised a girl
David Reimer was a boy who, due to a medical accident, was raised as a girl based on a doctor's advice. Despite this, he never felt like a girl and eventually lived as a man.
The Edith experiment
The Edith experiment was to prove that the right environment could create a genius. His daughter Edith was the subject of the experiment. her father played classical music and showed flash cards to Edith since birth By 5, Edith could read the encyclopaedia Britannica, and had a PhD by 18
The Minnesota Twins study
Began in 1979 to determine the significance of heredity in personality traits. it Tested identical & fraternal twins and twins raised apart & together.
What are the agents of socialization?
family and friends
social media
schools
government
occuptaion
religion
clubs/social groups
background
What is the difference between achieved and ascribed status?
Ascribed- status that is assigned at birth
Achieved- status that is determined by a persons choice
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?
Primary- Teaches the basic skills needed to survive in society
Secondary- teaches how to act appropriately in group situations
What effect does the lack of socialization have on feral children? Consider examples.
The lack of socialization has serious negative effects on feral children, affecting their social, emotional, and cognitive growth.
Genie Wiley
isolated and abused for over a decade, struggled with language and social skills even after being rescued.
Victor of Aveyron
who grew up alone in the woods, had trouble forming emotional connections and learning social norms
What effect does the lack of socialization have on isolated children? Consider examples.
lack of socialization has severe negative effects on isolated children, impacting their development in multiple ways, having very limited language abilities, difficulty adapting to social norm.
Oxana Malaya
lived among dogs for six years after being locked out in the cold by her parents, she exhibited dog-like behaviors such as barking and walking on all fours when discovered.
Why is early socialization so critical for children?
Helps develop language skills, social abilities, and emotional regulation. Interacting with family and friends teaches how to communicate, share, and manage feelings. It also stimulates cognitive growth.
What are the signs of a cult?
A cult has a leader and is based on his/her revelations
The cult promises it will save the world
Members are required to perform demanding tasks
In what ways do people experience discrimination?
homophobia
ablesim
ageism
sexism
classism
racism
Systemic Racism:
What causes discrimination?
learned theory
Competition Theory
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Ignorance Theory
What social identities are privileges based on?
race and ehthnicty
gender
religion
Psychoanalysis
a process designed to uncover patients unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to discuss their background, feelings and experiences with a trained psychologist.
Nature
Biological inheritance has the most influence on development & behaviour.
Nurture
Environmental experiences have the most influence on development & behaviour.
Psychodynamics
branch of psychology that studies how unconscious and conscious mental processes interact to influence thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.
Behavioural psychology
study of how people's behaviors are learned and influenced by their environment.
Cognitive psychology
study of how people think, learn, remember, and solve problems. It looks at how our brains process information, make decisions, and understand language.
Classical conditioning
process by which stimuli becomes linked to a response
Operant conditioning
form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur
Who were the major theorists of psychoanalytic psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung,
What theory was Pavlov known for? What experiment did he use to test it? Have an understanding of that experiment.
Pavlov was known for classic conditioning
Pavlov rang a bell every time he fed his dogs. After a while, the dogs started salivating just by hearing the bell, even if there was no food. This showed that they learned to associate the bell with food, which is classical conditioning.
Who created the concept of operant conditioning?
Skinner
Provide an example of each area of operant conditioning.
Positive Reinforcement
Giving a dog a treat for sitting when told to encourages the dog to sit more often.
Negative Reinforcement
Turning off a loud alarm by pressing a button reinforces the behavior of pressing the button when the alarm goes off.
Positive Punishment
A child getting a timeout for hitting their sibling discourages hitting behavior.
Negative Punishment
Taking away a toy for not sharing teaches a child the consequence of not cooperating.
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Love and Belonging Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
What was Bandura’s Social Learning Theory and how did he test it?
Bandura's Social Learning Theory says we learn by watching others. He tested it with the Bobo doll experiment, where kids watched adults being aggressive with a doll. Later, the kids imitated the behavior they saw
How do the id, ego, and superego all operate in the human mind?
ID (Devil on Shoulder) - "Unconscious Impulses"
Follows Pleasure Principle
Acts on Desires without Considering Consequences
Ego (Conscious) - "Reality Check"
Operates on Reality Principle
Considers Consequences, Seeks Pleasure, Avoids Pain
Superego (Angel on Shoulder) - "Morality Guide"
Controls ID's Impulses
Judges Right from Wrong
What are the 5 stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Gential
What development and maturing does the brain undergo during the teenage years?
The part of the brain responsible for making decisions and controlling impulses (prefrontal cortex) is still developing.
What factors or conditions can contribute to the triggering of mental health problems?
genetics/ family history
trauma
chronic stress
substance abuse
How do male and female serial killers differ?
Male serial killers often seek power, control, and dominance they are often described as psychopathic and cold and have more violent killing methods meanwhile females are clever and their methods are more thought out and less violent.
How do psychopaths and sociopaths differ?
psychopaths are often able to blend into society and appear normal while sociopaths acts out in public, generally appear ‘rougher’ and is someone you would not trust.
What is the triad of evil theory?
predicted psychopathy
bed wetting
cruelty to animals
fire starting/arson
What are common anxiety disorders?
Panic Disorder
Specific Phobias
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
What are common mood disorders?
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Identify the following mental illness acronyms – ASPD, PTSD, SAD, OCD, ASD
ASPD - (Antisocial Personality Disorder)
PTSD - (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
SAD - (Seasonal Affective Disorder
OCD - (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
ASD - (Autism Spectrum Disorder)
What is a savant?
someone who shows exceptional abilities or skills in a specific area, despite having significant limitations in other areas
What are the characteristics of ASPD?
Lack of Empathy
Aggression
Lack of Remorse
difficulty maintaining relationships
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to judge other cultures by your own values.
Cultural relativism
understanding that people's beliefs and behaviors should be seen in the context of their own culture.
Cultural materialism
Postmodernism
Forensic Anthropology
Paleoanthropologist
A branch of physical anthropology its a study of the bone and stone remains of our ancient ancestors.
Evolution
the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Adaptation
Natural Selection
Social Darwinism
theorized that some races were at a lesser stage of evolution
What are the branches of anthropology?
Physical anthropology
Archaeology
cultural anthropology
primatology
paleoanthropology
human variation
ethnology
linguistic
How would an anthropologist explain gender and gender roles?
by examining how they are constructed, expressed, and understood within specific cultural contexts. They would emphasize that gender is a social and cultural construct, shaped by beliefs, norms, values, and power dynamics within a society.
Humans are a part of the animal kingdom. What class, order, family, and genus do they belong to within that kingdom?
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
How are hominids different from other primates?
Larger brains
Different Teeth
Social Life
What is the oldest known genus of human ancestors?
Ardipithecus
Who was Ardi and why was he significant?
a fossilized hominid specimen discovered in Ethiopia. Ardi is significant because she represents one of the earliest known human ancestors,
Who was Lucy and why was she significant?
Lucy proved that our early human relatives habitually walked on two legs
What animal is the closest living relative to humans?
great apes
According to the Bill Nye video, what can be concluded about race?
race is a social construct rather than a biological reality
What did the Human Genome Project conclude?
the human genome is as complex and as special as any other organisms.
How do creationists believe the world and humans were created?
that the world and humans were created by a divine being
What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and his concept of natural selection?
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution revolutionized our understanding of how species change over time
natural selection
is the mechanism by which evolution occurs. It operates on the variation present in populations. Individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing these advantageous traits to their offspring
What did Darwin study in the Galapagos Islands?
studied different animals and plants, especially finches, tortoises, and iguanas. He noticed that these creatures had different features on each island, like beak shapes or shell sizes, which he thought helped them survive.
How does the creation story of the Haudenosaunee explain the creation on humans and the world?
The Haudenosaunee creation story tells how Sky Woman fell from the sky and, with the help of animals, created the Earth on the back of a giant turtle. She then gave birth to twin sons, one good and one evil. Humans were created when she planted seeds from the Tree of Life. The story teaches about balance, harmony, and our responsibility to care for the Earth.
What is the theory of intelligent design?
certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, rather than by natural selection or random processes.
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