AP Psych Unit 2A

memory

The storing and retrieval of information that persists overtime

cognition

refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering and communicating (problem solving/decisions)

explicit memory

memory with conscious recall (effort)

episodic memory

Events you have experienced

semantic memory

General knowledge and facts

implicit memory

Memory without conscious recall (emotional/automatic)

procedural memory

Motor skills, action (muscle)

Perspective memory

Remembering to perform intended actions in the future or remembering events that will happen in the future

long-term potentiation

persistence, strengthening of synopsis based on recent patterns of activity (neural basis for learning/memory)

Alan Baddeley’s working memory model

theory that describes how information is temporarily stored in manipulated in the mind. Working memory - cognitive system that temporarily holds information for learning comprehension and reasoning.

Central executive

Direct attention, coordinating activities, managing the flow of info

phonological loop

Temporarily holds verbal and auditory info

visuospatial sketchpad

Temporary holds visual and spatial info such as shapes images arrangements of objects in space

iconic memory

Type of sensory memory, visually hold icons that represent all aspects of a visual image normally lasting 1/4 seconds in the visual register

Echoic memory

part of sensory memory that temporarily holds auditory information (echoes of sound) for approximately 3 to 5 seconds in the auditory register.

Echoic memory

part of sensory memory that temporarily holds auditory information (echoes of sound) for approximately 3 to 5 seconds in the auditory register

short-term memory

Words, numbers, visual details for immediate use

long-term memory

Experiences, knowledge, skills, and coded from short-term memory

Encoding

input through senses (auditory/visual)

Storage

Maintain encoded info over time

retrieval

Output/accessing the info

automatic processing

Requires minimal conscious effort, and attention (implicit memory)

effortful processing

requires attention and deliberate, conscious effort (explicit memory)

Shallow processing

physical features of info (rote rehearsal [repetition])

deep processing

Assigned meaning to material (includes self reference effect) (elaborative rehearsal)

structural encoding

Physical appearance

Phonemic encoding

Sounds

semantic encoding

Meaning (deepest level resulting in the strongest memories)

mnemonic devices

Memory aid; visual, imagery, acronyms

The method of Loci

Uses visual imagery to help and count info; place objects mentally in familiar locations

Chunking

Griping info into manageable/meaningful units

categories

Grouping info by shared characteristics (schema)

hierarchies

Organize info from general to specific or by order of importance

massed practice

aka cramming, large amount of info in a short period of time

distributed practice

studying smaller chunks over a longer amount of time

the serial position effect

increased recall on the first and last items in a list (primary/recency effect)

maintenance rehearsal

(rote) repeating info without adding meaning or depth; good for keeping something in STM

elaborative rehearsal

Linking new information to existing info; creating associations. Better for encoding into LTM.

autobiographical memory

Recall of personal (only u) life, events; integrate with episodic to form a narrative of our past

Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)

Red condition characterized by individuals, extraordinary ability to recall minute details of personal life events

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memory prior to an accident/injury

Anterograde

inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage

Infantile amnesia

And abilities of recall, memory from early childhood due to undeveloped typo campus

Alzheimer’s disease

Neurological disorder that leads to decline in memory and cognitive function

Recall

Retrieval info learned at a previous time with no prompt/cues (fill in the blank)

Recognition

Identifying items previously learned (mc)

Context dependent memory

More likely to recall if in the same environment where it was encoded

Mood congruent memory

Recall of info that matches current mood

State dependent memory

Physical state; better recall when you are in the same state as when you learned it (drugs)

Testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info

Metacognition

Thinking about your thinking

Encoding failure

Didn’t pay enough attention to properly create the memory

Proactive interference theory

Occurs when old information blocks a new information (hard to remember new password because of old password)

Retroactive interference theory

Occurs on new information blocks old information already in memory

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Temporarily unable to retrieve the info, despite knowing it is stored in memory

Repression

Banish from consciousness of painful thoughts, memory

Misinformation affect

Memory of an event is altered by misleading info after the event

Source amnesia

For getting where information originally came from (leads to déjà vu)

Constructive memory

Reconstructing events based on existing knowledge, experience (the brain fills in the gaps)

memory consolidation

STM stabilized informed into LTM

Imagination inflation

imagining an event can lead to more confidence that it actually happened