chinese 2 general grammar

我

wǒ；I, me

你

nǐ；you

它

tā；it

我们

wǒmen；we, us

你们

nǐmen；you (plural)

哪

nǎ；which

哪儿 / 哪里

nǎr / nǎlǐ；where

谁

shéi；who

为

wèi；for

几

jǐ；how many / how much (small numbers)

时候

shíhou；when

呢

ne；soft question particle (e.g. “你呢？” = “And you?”)

着

zhe；indicates ongoing state (e.g. “坐着”)

过

guò；indicates past experience (“去过” = have been)

啊

a；emotional/modal particle (e.g., “好啊！” = “Okay!”)

嘛

ma；used for obviousness or emphasis (e.g., “他嘛，就这样。”)

啦

la；combination of 了 + 啊 for softened tone

咯

lo；casual final particle (regional, informal tone)

到

dào；to (arrive, reach)

次

ci ; from

对

duì；to, toward; correct

给

gěi；to give / for someone

跟

gēn；with, to follow

向

xiàng；toward

离

lí；from (used in distances: “离这儿很近”)

上

shàng；on, above

下

xià；under, below

前面

qiánmiàn；in front of

后面

hòumiàn；behind

中间

zhōngjiān；in the middle

旁边

pángbiān；beside

和

hé；and

但是

dànshì；but

可是

kěshì；but (softer tone)

如果

rúguǒ；if

虽然

suīrán；although

所以

suǒyǐ；so, therefore

而且

érqiě；furthermore, and also

或者

huòzhě；or (in statements)

还是

háishì；or (in questions)

因为

yīnwèi；because

然后

ránhòu；then

也

yě；also

都

dōu；all, both

再

zài；again (future or repeated action)

又

yòu；again (past action)

就

jiù；then, exactly

才

cái；only, not until

已经

yǐjīng；already

还

hái；still, also

总是

zǒngshì；always

也许

yěxǔ；maybe

一定

yídìng；definitely

差

chà；contrast

刚

gāng；just now

刚才

gāngcái；just (a moment ago)

有

yǒu；to have

没有

méiyǒu；don’t have

能

néng；can (ability)

可以

kěyǐ；may (permission)

想

xiǎng；to want / to think

觉得

juéde；to feel, to think

当

dāng；to be (as a role or job)

让

ràng；to let / allow

被

bèi；(passive voice marker)

需要

xūyào；to need

尝试

chángshì；to try