Vertebrate Physiology - Ch 1

What are the three fundamental concepts that physiology is founded upon?

1) Evolution//adaptation

2) Structure/function

3) Homeostatsis/feedback

Krogh Principle

There’s an optimal organism for a certain function

→ Study this organism to better understand that function

Cell Theory

1) All living things composed of one or more cells

2) Smallest unit capable of carrying out processes of life on Earth

3) All cells come from preexisting cells

Basic functions essential for survival of cells

1) Self-organization

2) Self-regulation

3) Self-support and movement

4) Self-replication

Self-organization

Can construct within themselves architecture that fits individual needs or needs of organism

Self-regulation

Ability to modulate concentrations of ions and other substances within cell

Self-support and movement

Refers to how cytoskeleton helps maintain shape and allow movement

Four primary tissue types

1) Epithelial tissue

2) Connective tissue

3) Muscular tissue

4) Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue

Specialized for exchange of materials

Connective tissue

Connects, supports, and anchors body parts

Muscular tissue

Specialized for contraction and force generation

Nervous tissue

Specialized for initiation and transmission of electrical impulses encoding information

What organ features all primary tissue types?

Stomach:

→ Lined with epithelial

→ Epithelial supported by connective

→ Connective bound by muscular

→ Nervous inside muscular

Epithelial sheets

Separate animals from external environment and contents of cavities

Secretory glands

Exocrine: secretes through ducts

Endocrine: secretes hormones into blood

Why is blood considered connective tissue?

Its developmental process and its makeup of cells

Where is each type of muscular tissue found?

Skeletal: attached to bones

Cardiac: inside heart

Smooth: inside hollow organs

Where is nervous tissue found?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, epithelial linings in muscles, glands

Homeostasis

Steady-state physiological condition of body

→ Dynamic

→ Fluctuates due to outside factors and body’s response

Factors regulated by homeostasis

1) Concentration of energy-rich molecules

2) Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide

3) Concentration of waste products

4) pH

5) Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes

6) Volume and pressure of blood

7) Temperature

Regulators

Keep a nearly constant internal state

Ex) Warm-blooded organisms

Conformers

State varies with external environment

Ex) Cold-blooded organisms

Avoiders

Minimize internal variations by avoiding environmental perturbations

Ex) Those who migrate

Negative feedback loop

1) Body in homeostasis

2) Variable throws body out of balance

3) Body counteracts in response

Negative feedback system components

1) Sensor

2) Integrator

3) Effector

Sensor

Measures, detects, senses

Integrator

Informed and compares with set point, sends instructions

Effector

Makes corrective response

Antagonistic control

Two output signals send competing messages to target

Anticipaton/feed forward systems

Predicts oncoming disturbance, can respond before variable changes regulated state

Acclimatization systems

Alter existing feedback and other components over time to work in new situation

What internal processes are not homeostatic?

1) Dormancy (hibernation)

2) Locomotion

3) Growth and development

4) Neural signaling

5) On-demand regulation

Reset systems

Change set point of negative feedback system in temporary, permanent, or cyclic fashion

Positive feedback

1) Body in homeostasis

2) Variable throws body out of balance

3) Body intensifies effect of variable

Intrinsic control

Regulated by single tissue or organ on its own

Extrinsic control

Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside of organ to alter activity

Whole-body control systems

1) Nervous system

2) Endocrine system

Support and movement systems

1) Skeletal system

2) Muscular system

Maintenance systems

1) Circulatory system

2) Defense/immune system

3) Respiratory system

4) Excretory system

5) Digestive system

6) Integumentary system

Larger organisms have a ____ surface to area volume ratio

Smaller