Breathing

What organelle/site is cellular respiration mainly associated with?

Mitochondria

What molecule does respiration release energy as?

ATP

What gas diffuses into cells during gaseous exchange?

Oxygen

What gas diffuses out during gaseous exchange?

Carbon dioxide

What process moves air in and out of the lungs?

Breathing

What muscular structure drives breathing besides intercostal muscles?

Diaphragm

How many key features do efficient gas exchange surfaces share?

5

What feature of alveoli maximizes diffusion area?

Large surface area

How many cells thick are alveoli walls?

One

What term describes alveoli's short diffusion distance feature?

Thin barrier

Why must gas exchange surfaces be moist?

Gases dissolve

What network surrounds alveoli for gas transport?

Capillary network

What is maintained to keep diffusion happening efficiently?

Concentration gradient

What structure warms and filters incoming air?

Nasal cavity

What cells trap dust in the nasal cavity?

Ciliated cells

What supports the trachea to prevent collapse?

Cartilage rings

What shape are the cartilage rings in the trachea?

C-shaped

What cells secrete mucus in the trachea?

Goblet cells

What do bronchioles contain to control airflow?

Smooth muscle

What is the actual site of gas exchange in humans?

Alveoli

What membrane encloses the lungs?

Pleural membrane

What fluid reduces friction between pleural layers?

Pleural fluid

During inhalation what do external intercostal muscles do?

Contract

During inhalation what do internal intercostal muscles do?

Relax

During inhalation which way does the ribcage move?

Upwards and outwards

During inhalation what does the diaphragm do?

Contracts and flattens

During inhalation what happens to thoracic volume?

Increases

During inhalation what happens to intrathoracic pressure?

Decreases

During exhalation what do external intercostal muscles do?

Relax

During exhalation what does the diaphragm do?

Relaxes and domes

During exhalation what happens to thoracic volume?

Decreases

During exhalation what happens to intrathoracic pressure?

Increases

What percentage of inhaled air is oxygen?

21%

What percentage of exhaled air is oxygen?

16%

What percentage of inhaled air is carbon dioxide?

0.04%

What percentage of exhaled air is carbon dioxide?

4%

What percentage of nitrogen stays constant in both inhaled and exhaled air?

78%

Why is nitrogen unused by the body?

Insoluble in blood

What happens to water vapour level after exhalation?

Saturated

What temperature is exhaled air?

Body temperature

What type of respiration requires oxygen?

Aerobic respiration

What type of respiration occurs without oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration

How many ATP does aerobic respiration yield per glucose?

36-38 ATP

What are the two waste products of aerobic respiration?

CO2 and water

What acid forms during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

Lactic acid

How many ATP does anaerobic respiration yield per glucose?

2 ATP

What does yeast produce during anaerobic respiration?

Ethanol

What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

Alcoholic fermentation

What type of fermentation occurs in human muscles?

Lactic acid fermentation

Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in the cell?

Cytoplasm only

What causes muscle fatigue and cramps during exercise?

Lactate buildup

What term describes extra oxygen needed after exercise?

Oxygen debt

What does EPOC stand for?

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Where is lactate transported to for recovery?

Liver

What organ chemical destroys cilia in the airway?

Tar

What disease does tar mainly cause in the lungs?

Lung cancer

What addictive chemical increases heart rate in smoke?

Nicotine

What effect does nicotine have on blood vessels?

Vasoconstriction

What gas binds irreversibly to hemoglobin in smoke?

Carbon monoxide

What compound forms when CO binds hemoglobin?

Carboxyhemoglobin

What lung disease destroys alveolar walls?

Emphysema

What happens to alveoli structure in emphysema?

Burst and fuse