Unit 2 vocab round 2

agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

amnesty programs

give forgiveness for coming over illegally, granted in the context of immigration reform, normally had to prove continuous residence.

agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

amnesty programs

give forgiveness for coming over illegally, granted in the context of immigration reform, normally had to prove continuous residence.

Antinatalist

Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

arithmetic density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another coun- try in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

baby boom

People born from 1946 to 1964 during the post–World War II uptick in birth rate

baby bust

fertility dropped as large numbers of women sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

Boserup theory

 Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

Brain drain

A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

Carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

Census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals, such as age, sex, and race

chain migration

The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place

counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

crude birth rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Circular migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

deindustrialization

The decline, and sometimes complete disappearance, of employment in the manufacturing sector in the core’s industrial centers

Demographic momentum

tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Demographic transition model

How crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

Demography

The statistical study of population and its change

dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

emigrant

A person who leaves their country of origin

emigration

he act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin

Epidemiological transition model

 Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

Epidemiology 

A branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle

Ethnic enclaves

A place with a high concentration or an ethnic­ group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

Family reunification

Approximately 3/4 immigrants are admitted into the U.S. to reunify families.

forced migration

Migration caused by forces out of one’s control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects

geographic center (centroid)

 the geographic center of the population of a country.

gravity model of migration

 as the importance of one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in movement between them. 

 guest workers

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Immigration 

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country

Industrial Revolution

The rapid transformation of the economy through the introduction of machines, new power sources, and new chemical processes in Europe and the United States between 1760 and 1830

infant mortality rate

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

internally displaced persons

Someone who remains within his or her country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country

internal migration

When people move within the borders of a country

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

intervening opportunity

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

life expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth

Malthusian theory

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either “of or relating to Malthus’s theory” or “a follower of Malthus”

Maternal mortality rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

midlatitudes

​​All land between 30º N and 60ºN and 30º S and 60º S.

migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

migration transition model

A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social ,and economic changes that also produces the demographic transition.

Mobility

All types of movements between locations.

more developed countries (MDCs)

a more developed country that's in the later stages of development. It has higher levels of industrialization and a lower population.

natural increase rate (NIR)(see RNI)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

neo-Malthusians

 People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population

net migration rate (NMR)

A gauge of the impact of migration on population change, determined by dividing a country’s net migration by its total population, then multiplying by 1000

newly industrialized countries (NICs)

typically have rapidly growing economies. Places where consumer incomes and buying power are increasing because of economic expansion. This refers to a category of developing economies that are experiencing the fastest rates of growth in the global economy.

Overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

periodic movement

like cyclic movement, involves returning home. Periodic movement involves a longer period of time away from the home base than cyclic movement. 

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

population pyramid (age structure)

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

Pronatalist

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

pull factor

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

push factor

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

Quotas

In reference to migration, a Jaw that places a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

refugee

A person who leaves their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion

Remittances

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.

rural-to-urban migration

When people move from the countryside to cities

sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

step migration

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

Transhumance

A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures

transnational migrants

When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated

Undocumented immigrants

A person who enters a country without proper documents to do so.

voluntary migration

Migration that is done willingly

Xenophobia

an aversion or hostility to, disdain for, or fear of foreigners, people from different cultures, or strangers

zero population growth (ZPG)

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its rate of natural increase (RNI) is zero