IVU 2

What is ureteral compression used for?

It's used to apply pressure to the distal ureters to help visualize the renal pelvis by pooling contrast media.

What is a KUB exam?

KUB stands for Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, which is a preliminary examination that helps visualize the urinary system.

What is nephroptosis?

A condition where the kidneys drop more than one to two inches when a patient goes from supine to upright.

What does a nephrogram provide information about?

A nephrogram shows the image of the kidneys taken shortly after the injection of contrast media.

What is the significance of a timer marker in imaging?

The timer marker indicates the time after the injection of contrast media has been completed.

What is retrograde urography?

A procedure where contrast is injected directly into the renal collecting system against the normal flow of urine.

What does CIN stand for in relation to contrast-induced nephropathy?

CIN stands for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy, which is a condition that can occur due to contrast use in renally impaired patients.

What is the purpose of a cystogram?

A cystogram is a radiologic examination of the bladder performed with retrograde contrast media administration.

What is vesicoureteral reflux?

It is a condition where urine travels back from the bladder into the ureters.

What is the essential projection for male voiding cystography?

The essential projection for male voiding cystography is an AP oblique with a 35 to 40 degree angulation.

What is indicated for a neurogenic bladder?

A neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction caused by nerve damage affecting bladder control.

What does the term 'fistula' refer to?

A fistula is an abnormal connection between two passageways that are not meant to be connected.

What's the difference in CR location for a cystogram versus voiding cystogram?

For a cystogram, the CR is 2 inches above the pubic symphysis; for voiding cystogram, it enters at the level of the pubic symphysis.

What patient position is used for performing a retrograde urography?

The patient is placed in a modified lithotomy position.

When performing an AP axial projection for cystography, what is the angulation of the CR?

The CR is angled 10 to 15 degrees caudal.

What are 4 common projections for a cystogram?

AP, AP axial, oblique, lateral

Significant reactions to contrast

edema, anaphylactic shock, nausea/vomiting

Site where the ureters enter the bladder

UVJ is the ureterovesical junction, where the ureters connect to the bladder.

UPJ

is the ureteropelvic junction, where the ureter connects to the renal pelvis.

Where do the ureters lie in relation to the peritoneum?

posterior in the retroperitoneum and anterior to the psoas muscle.

Describe the CR location for a AP axial bladder

MSP 2 inches above pubic synthesis

The concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is

50 to 70% or 320 to 370 mg/mL.

What type of contrast is used for studies of the urinary system?

non-ionic iodinated

ureteral compression is contradicted for patients with

kidney stones

What is the image called after injecting contrast to view the kidneys

nephrogram

What is the CR angle for the AP oblique projections of the urinary system?

zero

Function of the kidney

filters the blood, electrolyte balance, and waste removal.

a radiographic examination of the bladder is called

cystogram

most life-threatening reaction to contrast occurs _____ minutes of injecting

20

the respiration phase for all exposures made during IVU is

expiration

How much is the patient rotated from supine for a AP oblique projection of the urinary system?

30 degrees

Where is the CR centered for the oblique IVU images taken during examination of the urinary system

2 inches lateral to MSP on the elevated side @ iliac crest

The microscopic components of the parenchyma of the kidney are called

nephrons

The procedure of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking images of the kidneys, ureters and bladder is termed

IVU intravenous urogram

In order to be sure there is no renal impairment, which labs are drawn prior to administering contrast?

BUN, GFR, Creatine

BUN normal values

typically range from 7 to 20 mg/dL in adults, indicating kidney function.

GFR normal values

typically range from 90 to 120 mL/min in adults, indicating efficient kidney function.

Creatine normal values

typically range from 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL in adults, reflecting muscle metabolism and kidney function.

Describe how left kidney is different than right kidney?

left kidney sits higher than the right kidney due to the presence of the liver on the right side. Additionally, the left kidney is typically longer and narrower.

For the AP axial of the cystogram, what is the CR angulation?

15 degrees caudal

Which filling technique is used when you want to obtain anatomic and physiological images?

Antegrade

While performing a cystogram, the radiologist asks you to position the patient to visualize the right ureter entering the bladder, which oblique, and the degree of rotation

Right posterior oblique (RPO), 40 to 60 degrees