AP U.S. History Period 2 (1607-1754) Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering key terms, historical significance, and AP-specific historical thinking skills for Period 2 (1607-1754) based on the lecture notes.

What was the historical significance of John Cabot's 1497 voyage?

It provided an early basis for later English claims in North America and served as contextualization for permanent colonization after 1607.

Explain the function and significance of a joint-stock company in English colonization.

It was a business organization where multiple investors pooled money to share risks and profits; it financed projects like Jamestown without requiring the crown to bear all costs.

Who was Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, and what was his goal for Maryland?

He was the second Lord Baltimore and proprietor of Maryland who intended to make the colony a refuge for English Catholics.

What were the provisions and limitations of the Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)?

It protected worship for all who believed in Jesus Christ but imposed severe penalties on forms of religious dissent, showing that colonial toleration was often limited and practical.

Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay, and what colony did he found?

He was banished for advocating liberty of conscience and the separation of church and state; he founded Providence, which became part of Rhode Island.

How did Anne Hutchinson challenge Puritan authority in Massachusetts Bay?

She challenged religious leaders' ideas about salvation and authority through the belief in antinomianism, leading to her banishment and the founding of Portsmouth.

Define 'antinomianism' in the context of the Anne Hutchinson controversy.

The belief that salvation comes through faith and divine grace rather than strict obedience to traditional moral laws.

What was the purpose of the 'halfway covenant' formalized in 1662?

It allowed baptized but unconverted adults to have their children baptized to maintain church participation as fewer adults experienced full conversions.

Describe the core beliefs of the Quakers and their influence on Pennsylvania.

They emphasized an inner spiritual light, equality, pacifism, and liberty of conscience, which shaped Pennsylvania's religious diversity and early peaceful relations with Native peoples.

What was William Penn's 'Holy Experiment'?

His effort to build Pennsylvania based on Quaker principles, including religious toleration, representative government, and fair treatment of Native Americans.

What did the Charter of Liberties (1701) establish in Pennsylvania?

It protected liberty of conscience for those acknowledging one God and confirmed the power of the elected assembly.

How did climate and geography shape the economy of rice-growing plantations in the Lower South?

Warm climates and coastal wetlands encouraged a rice economy that became heavily dependent on enslaved African labor and created a wealthy planter elite.

What were the economic and social consequences of tobacco farms in the Chesapeake?

Tobacco demand created a high need for land and labor, leading to the headright system, indentured servitude, and eventually an increase in enslaved labor.

Why is Jamestown (1607) significant in U.S. History?

It was the first permanent English settlement in North America and marked the shift from exploration to sustained colonization.

How did John Rolfe transform the Virginia colony?

He developed tobacco as a profitable export crop, which transformed the economy and increased the demand for land and labor.

What is the historical significance of the Mayflower Compact (1620)?

It was an early example of self-government based on majority rule and an agreement to form a civil political body.

Who were the Separatists (Pilgrims) compared to the Puritans?

Separatists wanted to leave the Church of England entirely, while Puritans wanted to reform or 'purify' the church from within.

What was the 'Great Migration' of the 1630s?

A large migration of Puritan families to New England driven by religious and political conflict in England, leading to stable towns and family-centered society.

How did the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) contribute to political development?

It was a written framework for government that established representative political institutions, serving as a precedent for later written constitutions.

How did the Carolinas differ in their development?

South Carolina developed rice plantations and heavy reliance on slavery, while North Carolina consisted more of small farms and had fewer large plantations.

Why was Georgia founded in 1732?

It was intended as a defensive buffer against Spanish Florida and as a social-reform experiment to offer opportunities to the 'worthy poor.'

What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?

The first representative assembly in the English colonies (1619), which established a tradition of local self-government among property-owning planters.

Distinguish between corporate, royal, and proprietary colonies.

Corporate colonies were operated by joint-stock companies; royal colonies were under direct crown authority; proprietary colonies were owned by individuals/groups granted land by the crown.

Define 'mercantilism' and its impact on the British colonies.

An economic theory where colonies exist to enrich the parent country; it led to the Navigation Acts, which regulated colonial trade to benefit Britain.

What was the Dominion of New England (1686)?

An administrative union created by James II to increase royal control and enforce trade laws, which collapsed after the Glorious Revolution.

Who was Metacom, and what was his role in King Philip's War?

A Wampanoag leader who organized Native resistance against English land encroachment; his defeat marked the decline of organized Native resistance in southern New England.

What were the causes and effects of Bacon's Rebellion (1676)?

Caused by frontier insecurity and resentment of the planter elite; it exposed class divisions and was one factor in the transition toward racial slavery.

Define the 'headright system.'

A Virginia policy granting 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for their own or another person's passage to the colony, benefiting wealthy landholders.

What was the Middle Passage?

The brutal and deadly forced transatlantic voyage carrying enslaved Africans to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade.

Why is Benjamin Franklin considered an embodiment of Period 2 developments?

He reflected the Enlightenment, the growth of print culture, scientific inquiry, and intercolonial communication.

What was the outcome of the John Peter Zenger trial (1735)?

Zenger's acquittal for seditious libel encouraged colonial newspapers to criticize government and served as a root for the idea of freedom of the press.

Compare the 'Great Awakening' theology of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

Edwards used intense, theological sermons like 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'; Whitefield used dramatic, itinerant emotional preaching to reach mass intercolonial audiences.

Define 'salutary neglect.'

The practice where Britain loosely or inconsistently enforced imperial trade regulations, allowing colonies to develop a sense of autonomy and habits of smuggling.

What was the significance of the 1680 Pueblo Revolt?

A Native uprising in the Southwest that drove out the Spanish for over a decade; it eventually forced Spanish authorities to accommodate some Pueblo cultural practices.

What is 'Anglicization'?

The process by which British colonists adopted English cultural, political, and consumer patterns, creating a tension between being English and developing a local identity.

How does the CED define 'chattel slavery'?

A system where enslaved people are legally treated as property and their status is both permanent and inheritable.