AP Bio Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

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Autocrine

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31 Terms

1

Autocrine

This type of cell communication is when a cell sends signals to itself (maturation, or some response or change)

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2

Paracrine

This type of cell communication is when a Cell sends signals to a nearby cell

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3

Juxtactine

This type of cell communication is when a cell sends signals to another cell that it is physically connected to

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4

Endocrine

This type of cell communication is when a cell signals from one type of tissue to another across long distances via the blood stream

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5

Gap Junction Channel

Cells have physical contact. Through this, they may send and receive signals from each other.

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6

Homeostasis

Stability or equilibrium

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7

Quorum Sensing

 Bacteria release signals that allow them to activate when there are enough of them (ie activate pathogenicity)

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8

Transduction and Amplification

The second step in a signal transduction pathway: After reception, a signal travels through a cell and is converted into multiple pathways

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9

Cellular response

Step 3 in a signal transduction pathway

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10

Intracellular Receptors

Not membrane proteins. When signal molecules are hydrophobic / nonpolar, they bind to these inner proteins.

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11

Membrane proteins

These proteins receive polar signals that cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer

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12

Genome

 A cell’s genetic information / DNA

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13

Chromosomes

DNA is packaged into these

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14

Chromatin

Complex of DNA and proteins with chromosome building material

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15

Sister chromatids

After DNA replication, a chromosome becomes densely folded into 2 _________

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16

Centromere

  • Each chromosome has a _______ (region containing specific DNA sequences)

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17

Mitosis

Division of genetic material in a nucleus

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18

Cytokinesis

 Division of the cytoplasm

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19

Interphase

90% of the cell cycle → Dividing and growing chromosomes in preparation for division

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20

G1

 “First Gap Phase”

Cell comes out of mitosis and grows in preparation for DNA replication

Checkpoints:

-Growth Factors stimulate signals inside cells, rising cyclin concentration 

-p53 protein: if DNA is damaged, p53 stops progression by inhibiting CDK-cyclin.

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21

S

 “Synthesis”

Cell replicates DNA. At the end of this phase, a cell has 2 sets of chromosomes.

Checkpoint: DNA is monitored for replication errors

-Once the S-phase cyclins reach a threshold, CDK-cyclin signals the cell to duplicate DNA.

-Breaks in DNA strands activate the ATM protein. This stops the cycle and activates repairing proteins.

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22

G2

 “Second Gap Phase”

Cell continues to grow and prepare for division. All chromosomes have to be fully replicated w/o dmg.

Checkpoint:

-If there is no DNA damage, CDK-cyclin activates

-If there is DNA damage, p53 protein will stop the cell cycle. If damage is impossible to fix, p53 can initiate cell death.

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23

Mitosis

 the process of splitting a cell into two daughter cells

It is used for growth, reproduction, and healing (replace + repair)

Checkpoint: Check if all sister chromatids attached to the mitotic spindle

- M-phase cyclins and CDKs activate a protein complex called the anaphase-promoting complex / cyclosome (APC/C). THis is activated when all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. APC/C breaks the centromeres of the chromosomes

- WHen chromosomes are not properly attached, MAD proteins inhibit the APC/C and prevent entry into anaphase

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24

IPMAT

Order of Mitosis

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25

Prophase

Step 1 of mitosis

-  Chromatin fibers become tightly coiled

- Duplicated chromosome sister chromatids

- Nuclear envelope fragments

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26

Metaphase

Step 2 of mitosis

- Chromosomes line up in cell center

- Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

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27

Anaphase

The third and shortest phase of mitosis

- Sister chromatids part

- Cell elongates: 2 ends have complete chromosomes 

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28

Telophase

The fourth and last phase of mitosis

- 2 daughter nuclei in cell

- Mitosis is done

- Chromosomes are less condensed

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29

Tumor supression proteins

These proteins stop the cell cycle if needed at various checkpoints

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30

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

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31

G0

A cell can enter this phase when it no longer divides 

  • Can re enter cell cycle from appropriate cues

  • May be held in specific stage in cell cycle

  • Performs specific structural functions

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