material science

The weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of an element is called __________.

Atomic Weight

____________ are a pair of equal and opposite electrical charges or magnetic poles separated by a distance.

Dipoles

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond is referred to as __________.

Electronegative

Elements or atoms that tend to lose electrons and form positive ions in chemical reactions are described as __________.

Electropositive

Strong bonds that hold atoms together in a molecule or compound are known as __________ bonds.

Primary Bond

Weaker interactions between molecules or atoms that are not based on the sharing or transfer of electrons are termed __________ bonds.

Secondary Bond

The existence of different forms of the same element in the same physical state is known as __________.

Allotropy

A solid in which atoms or molecules are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern is called an __________ solid.

Amorphous Solid

The property of being directionally dependent in materials is known as __________.

Anisotropy

The number of nearest neighbor atoms or ions surrounding a central atom in a crystal structure is called __________.

Coordination Number

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are referred to as __________.

Isotopic

A __________ solid lacks a regular atomic structure and is often referred to as an amorphous solid.

Noncrystalline

A material composed of many small randomly oriented crystals or grains is called __________.

Polycrystalline

The ability of a material to exist in more than one crystal form is known as __________.

Polymorphism

A mixture of two or more elements, typically metals, is known as an __________.

Alloy

The structure of a material as observed under a microscope, including the arrangement of grains and defects, is called __________.

Microstructure

A solid solution in which smaller atoms fit into the gaps between the host atoms is known as an __________ solid solution.

Interstitial Solid Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more elements that forms a single phase is called a __________ solution.

Solid Solution

A type of solid solution where solute atoms replace the solvent atoms in the crystal lattice is known as __________ solid solution.

Substitutional Solid Solution

The heat treatment process that introduces carbon into the surface of steel to harden it is called __________.

Carburizing

The process by which atoms of two or more elements mix together upon contact is known as __________.

Interdiffusion

Diffusion of atoms through the interstitial spaces in a crystal lattice is referred to as __________ diffusion.

Interstitial Diffusion

The movement of atoms within a pure material, typically observed in crystalline solids, is called __________ diffusion.

Self Diffusion

The diffusion mechanism where atoms move into vacant sites in a crystal lattice is known as __________ diffusion.

Vacancy Diffusion