[Anatomy 001] Final Lecture Exam

Vocabulary flashcards covering essential terms and definitions from Chapters 1–28 of the lecture video study guide.

Anatomy

The study of body structure.

Physiology

The study of body function.

Viscera

Internal organs within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers surfaces and lines cavities.

Simple Epithelium

One layer of cells; functions in secretion, diffusion, filtration.

Stratified Epithelium

Multiple cell layers; chiefly protective.

Connective Tissue

Tissue with few cells and abundant extracellular matrix.

Cutaneous Membrane

Skin; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium plus CT.

Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

Epithelium over lamina propria; lines cavities that open to exterior.

Serous Membrane (Serosa)

(Mesothelium) on areolar CT lining closed cavities.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Glomerulus; alveolus; endothelium; serosa; some kidney tubules

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Nonkeratinized: tongue; mouth; pharynx; larynx; esophagus; vagina; anal canal

Keratinized: epidermis

Adipose Tissue

Hypodermis; around kidney; around eye; abdomen; breast; heart surface; mesentery

Hyaline Cartilage

Embryonic skeleton; cartilage at ends of long bones; ribs; nose; larynx; trachea; bronchus

Elastic Cartilage

ear, epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Intervertebral disc; pubic symphysis; meniscus

Ligament

connects bone to bone.

Smooth Muscle
Location?

Striations?

Calcium Source?

Control?

Hollow Organs (Stomach, Intestines)

no

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) & extracellular

involuntary

Cardiac Muscle

Location?

Striations?

Calcium Source?

Control?

Heart

yes

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and extracellular

involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

Location?

Striations?

Calcium Source?

Control?

Attached to bone and skin

yes

sarcoplasmic reticulum

voluntary

Tendon

connects muscle to bone.

Sarcomere

Functional unit of skeletal muscle.

Neuron other name

Nerve cell

Soma (Cell Body)

Receives signals from dendrites; nucleus and chromatophilic substance (rough ER) found here

Dendrite

Processes that receive signals & sends them towards the soma

Axon / nerve fiber

Process that conducts signals away from the soma; capable of producing a nerve impulse action/ action potential

Terminal Bouton / axon terminal / synaptic knob

Axon ending that contains neurotransmitter vesicles.

How many axons can a neuron have?

zero or one

Path of signal transmission through a neuron

Dendrite > cell body > axon hillock & axon initial segment > axon > terminal bouton

Afferent (Sensory) Neuron

Carries impulses toward CNS.

Efferent (Motor) Neuron

Carries impulses away from CNS.

In CNS, some neurons transmit info electrically through ___ ___.

gap junctions

Somatic Motor Division effector organ

skeletal muscle.

Visceral Motor Division effector organs

cardiac and smooth muscle and glands.

Astrocyte

CNS glial cell forming blood-brain barrier, regulates tissue fluid composition, provides structural support, forms scaffolding for nervous tissues, replaces damaged neurons

Microglial Cell

CNS phagocytic immune glial cell, removes debris

Ependymal Cell

CNS glial cell, Lines the ventricles of the brain (choroid plexus) & central canal of spinal cord; produces cerebrospinal fluid. Assists in production and circulation of CSF.

Oligodendrocyte

CNS glial cell forming myelin sheaths on multiple axons.

Schwann Cell

PNS cell producing myelin around one axon.

Satellite Cell

PNS glial cell, Protects & regulates nutrients and wastes around the cell bodies in the ganglion

Myelination

Insulating axon coating that increases conduction speed.

Axon Diameter

Larger diameter axons conduct impulses faster.

Superior Colliculus

visual reflexes

Inferior Colliculus

auditory reflexes

Brain stem structures in order from superior to inferior

midbrain > pons > medulla oblongata

Medulla Oblongata

cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers.

Diencephalon 3 parts

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Cornea

anterior 1/6 of sclera

Ciliary Muscle

changes lens shape for focusing.

Ciliary Zonule / suspensory ligament

hold lens in place.

Iris

Muscle type?

What does sphincter pupillae do?
What does dilator pupillae do?

smooth
constrict pupil
dilate pupil

Pupil

Opening in iris controlling light entry.

Retina signal pathway

Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells

Retina light pathway

ganglion cells > bipolar cells > Photoreceptors

Fundus

Interior surface opposite lens (includes retina)

Ossicle pathway

Tympanic membrane > malleus > incus > stapes > oval window

Otolith organs
help with what kind of acceleration?

utricle and saccule
linear

cochlear duct helps with what?

hearing

Semicircular Ducts help with what kind of acceleration?

rotational

Hormone

messenger molecules that affect target cells via blood circulation

Glucagon

Pancreatic hormone raising blood glucose by secreting alpha cells

Insulin

Pancreatic hormone lowering blood glucose by secreting beta cells

3 main proteins in blood

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Albumin

Prevents water from diffusing out of vessels

Globulins

Antibodies & transport proteins for lipids, iron, copper

Fibrinogen

blood clotting.

Erythrocyte
what is it
is it most abundant?
nuclei, organelles, or mitochondria?
what does hemoglobin bind to?

Oxygen transporting cells
yes
No
oxygen

WBC

Defend the body from diseases like pathogens

Platelet

Cell fragments from megakaryocytes meant for blood clotting

Pulmonary Circuit

Right-side heart pathway sending deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Systemic Circuit

Left-side heart pathway pumping oxygenated blood to body.

AV Valves

close for “lub” sound.

Semilunar Valves

close for “dub” sound.

Pathway of blood through the heart

Superior/inferior vena cava → RA → Tricuspid valve → RV → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary trunk → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → LA → Mitral valve → LV → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body

Coronary arteries function

supply oxygen-rich blood to cardiac muscle (myocardium)

Conduction system & innervation to the heart

SA node → Internodal pathway → AV node → AV bundle → R & L bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Blood Vessel Flow Sequence

Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Delivers nutrient-rich blood from GI tract to liver

Lymph

Excess tissue fluid that flows toward the heart

Lacteal

specialized capillaries in small intestine villi that absorb digested fats

Chyle

Milky, fat-rich lymph from lacteals.

Flow of air from the nose & mouth to the alveoli

Nose/mouth > nasopharynx/oropharynx > laryngopharynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose to larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea to alveoli

Conducting Zone

Nose > Nasal cavity > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone

Respiratory bronchioles > Alveolar ducts > Alveolar sacs > Alveoli

Pharynx Layman’s term

throat

Pharynx 3 parts

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Oropharynx epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium.

Laryngopharynx epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium.

How are ingested materials normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx?

Uvula reflects superiorly

larynx layman term

voice box

larynx 3 functions

Voice production, Open airway, Routes air & food into proper channels

larynx open/closed during swallowing?

closed

larynx open/closed during breathing?

open

laryngeal prominence layman term and cartilage type

adam’s apple, thyroid cartilage

Epiglottis

Cartilage blocks the opening of the respiratory tract during swallowing

Vocal Folds

True vocal cords

Vestibular folds

false vocal cords