ap human unit 2

Economic Development

Areas with higher levels of economic development attract people.

Infrastructure

Areas with better or more accessible infrastructure attract larger populations.

Employment Opportunities

Areas with a higher concentration of industry attract more people.

Natural Resources

Areas with a greater availability of resources attract more people.

Crime Rates & Safety

Safer areas can attract larger populations.

Presence of Religious Sites

Areas near important sacred sites can be more densely populated.

Persecution

Areas where people have more rights and freedoms attract more people.

Culture and History

Areas that have greater cultural or historical significance attract more people.

Public Services

Places with better public services attract larger populations.

War & Conflict

Areas that experience war or large-scale conflict tend to have less density.

Government Installations

The presence of military bases or government offices can lead to more density.

Natural Features

Mountainous areas tend to have less dense populations than flat areas.

Climate

Areas with extreme climates tend to have less dense populations than those with moderate conditions.

Fertile Lands

Areas with fertile land suitable for growing crops tend to have higher population densities.

Highest Population Densities

Population clusters can be found in South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Lowest Population Densities

Lowest densities are found in Oceania, including Australia, Canada, and Russia.

Availability of Workers

Areas with low population density have a smaller pool of workers, affecting production capabilities.

Declining Economic Growth

Areas with low population density are vulnerable to economic decline if populations are not replaced.

Uneven Development

Higher population density in one area leads to more government funds allocated there.

Culture Clash

Denser populations can lead to ethnic or cultural clashes.

Housing Availability

Higher population densities present challenges in housing availability and affordability.

Public Transportation

Higher population densities can lead to more extensive public transportation systems.

Provision of Services

It can be difficult for governments to provide public services in denser populations.

Need for New Laws

There may be a need for new laws in areas with high population density.

Carrying Capacity

the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support

Loss of Habits

To meet the needs of an area with a high population density, physical expansion is often needed and leads to the destruction of natural habitats and a loss of biodiversity.

Pollution

Areas that have higher population densities have higher rates of pollution (more emissions from transportation and manufacturing, deforestation for expansion, etc.)

Arithmetic Population Density

The average number of people per unit of land area (Divide the total population by its corresponding land area)

Physiological Population Density

The average number of people per unit area of arable land (divide total population by its corresponding arable land) - a good indicator of pressure

Agricultural Population Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land (divide the country's total farm population by the total area of its arable land)

Highest Birth Rates

Africa (West Africa)

Lowest Birth Rates

Western Europe (Japan and South Korea)

Highest Life Expectancy

Monaco and Hong Kong

Lowest Life Expectancy

Africa (Chad, Lesotho, and Nigeria)

Natural Increase Rate (RNI)

RNI: (CBR - CDR) / 10

Doubling Time (DT)

DT: 70 / RNI

Angola Population Growth

RNI: (43.7 - 7.8) / 10 = 3.59; DT: 70 / 3.59 = 19.499; There are more births than deaths, and the population is experiencing a natural rapid increase.

South Korea Population Growth

RNI: (8.5 - 5.9) / 10 = 0.26; DT: 70 / 0.26 = 269.231; There are very few more births than deaths. The population will double in about 270 years.

Mexico Population Growth

RNI: (17.3 - 6.2) / 10 = 1.11; DT: 70 / 1.11 = 63.063; The population is increasing and will double in about 63 years.

Status of Women and Fertility Rates

As the status of women grows, they earn more rights to education, healthcare, and economic participation. As women's status goes up, fertility rates go down.

High Fertility Rates and Infant Mortality

High fertility rates = high infant mortality rates. Parents want to have more kids after losing one.

Impact of Longer Life Expectancies

Longer life expectancies can lead to aging populations.

Demographic Transition Model

The relationship between the Demographic Transition Model and the Epidemiological Transition Model.

DTM

Conceptualizes how crude birth rate and crude death rate, as well as the resulting rate of natural increase, change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization.

ETM

Explains the medical and health conditions that lead to the population change in the DTM (epidemiology: a branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle).

Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine

Parasitic or infectious diseases, accidents, animal attacks, or human conflicts cause the most deaths. A high death rate & low life expectancy.

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

The number of pandemics declines as a result of improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine. A decreasing death rate & increasing life expectancy.

Stage 3: Degenerative & Human-Created Diseases

Infectious and parasitic diseases continue to decrease, but diseases associated with aging increase as people live longer. Death rate stabilizes at a low level, & life expectancy increases.

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

An extension of Stage 3, but age-related diseases are put off as medical procedures delay the onset of these diseases (Alzheimer's and dementia increase). Death rate reaches its lowest level, & life expectancy reaches a peak.

Stage 5: Reemerging Infections & Parasitic Disease

Infectious and parasitic diseases increase as some bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines. Life expectancy decreases.

Stage 1 Population Characteristics

Birth rate: High, due to the need for agricultural labor. Death rate: High, due to disease and poor sanitation. Population change: Very low growth because CBR and CDR are both high. Examples: No countries; Scattered, isolated groups only. Structure: Very young.

Stage 2 Population Characteristics

Birth rate: High, but fluctuating to reflect desires for big families. Death rate: Rapidly declining as nutrition, sanitation, and medicine improve. Population change: Rapid growth as death rates fall faster than birth rates. Examples: Mali & South Sudan. Structure: Very young.

Stage 3 Population Characteristics

Birth rate: Declining, as urbanization decreases the need for child labor. Death rate: Declining, but not as fast as in the previous stage. Population change: Still growing but slowing down as birth rates decline. Examples: Turkey & Indonesia. Structure: Young, rising life expectancy.

Stage 4 Population Characteristics

Birth rate: Low, but enough to keep the population stable. Death rate: Low and stable. Population change: Very low growth because births and deaths are low. Examples: USA & China. Structure: Balanced, but with aging.

Stage 5 Population Characteristics

Birth rate: So low it falls below the death rate. Death rate: Low, sometimes increasing as the population ages. Population change: Declining, as births fall below deaths. Examples: Japan & Germany. Structure: Older.

Population Pyramid Stage 4

This is a stable and growing country. It is developed.

Population Pyramid Stage 2

There is a large number of younger people. It is a less developed country.

Population Pyramid Stage 2 (Developing)

It is a developing country with a high birth rate, lower life expectancy, and a rapidly growing population.

Irregularities in Population Pyramids

Gender Imbalance: War and conflict (fewer men), disease or epidemics (decrease in age group), migration, and economic factors (job opportunities).

Small Cohort in Population Pyramids

There is a very large decrease in a certain age group. This could have been caused by a natural disaster, war/conflict, or genocide.

Retirement Community

A community primarily composed of elderly people, often with the largest cohort being individuals aged 55-59.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population could grow faster than the food supply, leading to insufficient resources for everyone.

Youthful Populations

Populations with a high proportion of young individuals, which can lead to increased demand for schools, jobs, and healthcare.

Aging Populations

Populations with a high proportion of elderly individuals, resulting in fewer workers, increased spending on pensions and healthcare, and potential economic slowdown.

Pronatalist Policies

Programs aimed at increasing the fertility rate of a place, typically in areas with low birth rates and high death rates.

Antinatalist Policies

Programs aimed at decreasing the fertility rate of a place, usually in areas with high birth rates and low death rates.

Reasons for Pronatalist Policies

To replace population lost due to war/civil unrest, build up the military, replace retiring workers, occupy empty parts of the country, develop resources, support an older population, or address overpopulation concerns.

Examples of Pronatalist Policies

Banning contraception, tax breaks for having children, maternity leave, government-sponsored dating agencies, and ad campaigns for larger families.

Places Used for Pronatalist Policies

France, which introduced the Code de la Famille in 1939, and China, which implemented a one-child policy with various rewards.

China's One Child Policy

A policy that led to a gender imbalance and a declining population, resulting in a shrinking workforce and concerns about supporting aging workers.

Gender Imbalance

A societal issue where there are significantly more males than females, often due to cultural preferences.

Asylum Seekers

Individuals who flee their home country and seek protection in another country due to fear of persecution.

Refugees

Individuals who have been forced to flee their country due to war, violence, or persecution.

Overpopulation Concerns

Issues arising from a population exceeding the capacity of the environment to sustain it, leading to resource shortages.

Economic Growth and Aging Populations

Economic growth may slow down as older populations tend to spend less and contribute fewer workers to the economy.

Social Unrest

Civil disorder caused by dissatisfaction with social conditions, often linked to unemployment and poverty.

Cash Incentives for Families

Financial rewards provided by governments to encourage larger families.

Family Planning Classes

Educational programs aimed at helping individuals and couples plan their families and understand reproductive health.

Subsidized Child Care

Financial assistance provided by the government to help families afford child care services.

Forced Sterilization Programs

Government policies that mandate sterilization to control population growth.

Encouraging Educational Goals for Women

Policies aimed at promoting women's education and career aspirations to balance population growth.

Internally displaced persons

Someone who has been forced to leave home because of conflict, disasters, persecution, but stays inside the same country

Guest worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country, such as war, conflict, and violence

Pull factors

Conditions that attract people to migrate to another country, such as good economics

Transnational migration

Movement across national borders that involves connections between the home and host countries

Chain migration

The process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination

Slavery

The condition in which individuals are owned by others, who control where they live and at what they work

Step migration

Migration that occurs in stages, where individuals move from a rural area to a city, then to a larger city

Internal migration

The movement of people within a country

IDPs

Internally displaced persons who have been forced to leave their homes but remain within their country's borders

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Millions of Africans were forcibly taken from West and Central Africa and transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

Conflict

A serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one, often leading to violence

Natural disasters

Severe and extreme weather events that cause significant damage and displacement

Economic migration

Movement of people for the purpose of improving their economic situation

Political migration

Movement of individuals due to political reasons, such as persecution or conflict

Cultural migration

Movement of people to preserve or promote their cultural identity

Labor migration

Movement of people for the purpose of employment opportunities

European Migration to the Americas

During the late 19th and earliest 20th centuries, millions of people from Europe, specifically from Germany and Ireland, migrated to the United States, Canada, and South America.