Bio H 24-25 - Intro to Genetics

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Genetic trait

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Inherited characteristic of an organism.

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Variable traits

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Differ among individuals of the same species.

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54 Terms

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Genetic trait

Inherited characteristic of an organism.

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Variable traits

Differ among individuals of the same species.

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Invariant traits

Identical in all individuals of the species.

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Biochemical traits

Traits often more difficult to observe.

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Physical traits

Easily observable characteristics of an organism.

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Behavioral traits

Behaviors influenced by genetic factors.

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Gene

Basic unit of information in genetics.

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Heterozygous

Genotype with two different alleles.

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Mutation

Change in DNA sequence affecting traits.

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Gregor Mendel

Father of modern genetics, studied pea plants.

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Genetic cross

Breeding experiment to study inheritance patterns.

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P Generation

Initial parental generation in a genetic cross.

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Homozygous Dominant

Genotype with two dominant alleles (e.g., PP).

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Homozygous Recessive

Genotype with two recessive alleles (e.g., pp).

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Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during gamete formation.

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Law of Independent Assortment

Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

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Recessive Phenotype

Trait that reappears in F2 generation.

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Cross-Pollination

Fertilization between different plant varieties.

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Hybrid Offspring

Offspring with mixed genetic traits (e.g., Pp).

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Probability of Event

Chance that a specific outcome will occur.

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Black-Coated Dogs

Example of a genetic cross with specific traits.

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True-Breeding

Organisms that consistently pass down specific traits.

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Crisscrossing Plants

Method used by Mendel to study inheritance.

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Offspring Display

Phenotypes exhibited by the next generation.

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Law of Dominance

Dominant traits are expressed over recessive traits.

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Mendelian Traits

Traits controlled by a single gene.

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Alleles

Different forms of a gene.

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Heterozygote

Organism with two different alleles for a trait.

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Independent Assortment

Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

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Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele fully expresses, blending occurs.

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Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed in phenotype.

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Phenotype

Observable traits of an organism.

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Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism.

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Punnett Square

Diagram predicting offspring genotypes.

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Recessive Allele

Allele whose effect is masked by dominant.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent.

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Fertilization

Fusion of sperm and egg cells.

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Complex Traits

Traits influenced by multiple genes.

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Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Genes are located on chromosomes and inherited.

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Punnett square

A diagram predicting offspring genotypes.

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Polygenic traits

Traits controlled by multiple genes.

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Siamese cat coat color

Color pattern influenced by temperature and genes.

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Complex traits

Traits influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Lark and Ostrander

Researchers identifying genes related to dog traits.

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Recessive allele

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.

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Dominant allele

An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele.

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Cross-breeding

Mating individuals to study genetic inheritance.

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Homozygous

Having identical alleles for a gene.

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F1 Generation

First filial generation from parental cross.

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F2 Generation

Second filial generation from F1 cross.

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Epistasis

Two genes are inherited independently, but the alleles of one gene affect the expression of another gene’s alleles.

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Pleiotropy

Single gene affecting multiple traits.

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Genetic Cross

Mating of two organisms to study inheritance.