Genetic trait
Inherited characteristic of an organism.
Variable traits
Differ among individuals of the same species.
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Genetic trait
Inherited characteristic of an organism.
Variable traits
Differ among individuals of the same species.
Invariant traits
Identical in all individuals of the species.
Biochemical traits
Traits often more difficult to observe.
Physical traits
Easily observable characteristics of an organism.
Behavioral traits
Behaviors influenced by genetic factors.
Gene
Basic unit of information in genetics.
Heterozygous
Genotype with two different alleles.
Mutation
Change in DNA sequence affecting traits.
Gregor Mendel
Father of modern genetics, studied pea plants.
Genetic cross
Breeding experiment to study inheritance patterns.
P Generation
Initial parental generation in a genetic cross.
Homozygous Dominant
Genotype with two dominant alleles (e.g., PP).
Homozygous Recessive
Genotype with two recessive alleles (e.g., pp).
Law of Segregation
Alleles separate during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.
Recessive Phenotype
Trait that reappears in F2 generation.
Cross-Pollination
Fertilization between different plant varieties.
Hybrid Offspring
Offspring with mixed genetic traits (e.g., Pp).
Probability of Event
Chance that a specific outcome will occur.
Black-Coated Dogs
Example of a genetic cross with specific traits.
True-Breeding
Organisms that consistently pass down specific traits.
Crisscrossing Plants
Method used by Mendel to study inheritance.
Offspring Display
Phenotypes exhibited by the next generation.
Law of Dominance
Dominant traits are expressed over recessive traits.
Mendelian Traits
Traits controlled by a single gene.
Alleles
Different forms of a gene.
Heterozygote
Organism with two different alleles for a trait.
Independent Assortment
Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.
Incomplete Dominance
Neither allele fully expresses, blending occurs.
Codominance
Both alleles are fully expressed in phenotype.
Phenotype
Observable traits of an organism.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism.
Punnett Square
Diagram predicting offspring genotypes.
Recessive Allele
Allele whose effect is masked by dominant.
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosome pairs, one from each parent.
Fertilization
Fusion of sperm and egg cells.
Complex Traits
Traits influenced by multiple genes.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Genes are located on chromosomes and inherited.
Punnett square
A diagram predicting offspring genotypes.
Polygenic traits
Traits controlled by multiple genes.
Siamese cat coat color
Color pattern influenced by temperature and genes.
Complex traits
Traits influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Lark and Ostrander
Researchers identifying genes related to dog traits.
Recessive allele
An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.
Dominant allele
An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele.
Cross-breeding
Mating individuals to study genetic inheritance.
Homozygous
Having identical alleles for a gene.
F1 Generation
First filial generation from parental cross.
F2 Generation
Second filial generation from F1 cross.
Epistasis
Two genes are inherited independently, but the alleles of one gene affect the expression of another gene’s alleles.
Pleiotropy
Single gene affecting multiple traits.
Genetic Cross
Mating of two organisms to study inheritance.