end of quarter 3 test

"Peace with Honor"

A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech , to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

Lead by Martin Luther King Jr. and supported the Montgomery bus boycott and helped integrate buses

Sit-ins

a form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest, led by Stokely Carmichael and Fannie Lou Hammer

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Policy of Containment

The U.S. would not fight communism where it already existed but would not allow it to spread to democratic countries.

Operation: Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land, decimating the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Viet Cong from continuing to press on.

General William Westmoreland

an American General who began search and destroy missions called "Zippo Raids"

Zippo Raids

The US army would burn and destroy villages that may be hiding and assisting Vietcong

Booby Traps

Vietcong fought with homemade weapons that could overturn tanks, sharp poisoned sticks (punji traps) , various hand grenade implements, and innovated many traps to kill and disable many American soldiers

The Tet offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968. It was a major blow for the US and took them months to recover

Hawks vs Doves

Hawks were for the war while Doves were against it. The number of Doves increased after the Tet offensive.

Vietnam war

The point of the war was to prevent communism from spreading to South Vietnam

Public Support shifts

Public support for the war quickly decreased as American casualty numbers spiked

Agent Orange

a toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong hideouts

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

The 37th President of the United States; ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His presidency ended in controversy with the Watergate Scandal

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Laos and Cambodia

the two neutral countries Ho Chi Minh trailed through to get supplies from the NV to the VC, Nixon authorized a temporary invasion and bombed jungle areas that allowed for Vietcong to get supplies.

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai as a part of a Zippo Raid, also led to more opposition to the war.

Blank Check

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, sent thousands of US soldiers to Vietnam

LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)

US president who chose to escalate the US involvement in Vietnam

College exemption

Men in college were exempt from serving in the Vietnam war, causing for draft inequalities between upper and lower classes of Americans

Vietminh

North Vietnamese, communist led my Ho Chi Minh

Vietcong

Fought for North Vietnam while living in South Vietnam, which made them very elusive and dangerous

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Credibility Gap

American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Civil rights organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other leaders.

Orval Fabus

governor of Arkansas who tried to prohibit African American students from integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas

Sit-ins at woolworths

1960:
In Greensboro, North Carolina, four black teenagers sat at a whites-only lunch counter. They were then known as the "Greenboro Four". They caused more people to join the protest, and eventually the lunch counter was desegregated.

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

an organization that sought to apply non-violent protest as means of fighting segregation led by James Farmer

Freedom rides

1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses

Interstate Commerce Commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

James Meredith

The first African American student at the University of Mississippi.

"I have a dream" speech (1963)

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the March on Washington in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Bull Connor

He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

Bull Connor

He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War. They were very active during the 1960s

John F Kennedy (JFK)

35th President of the United States. Was in office during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall. He was assassinated in 1962

James Earl Ray

Assassinated MLK

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

Marquette Frye

This man who was arrested for a DWI and who incited the Watts Riots due to heavy-handed police tactics

Wallace Fard

Founder of the Nation of Islam

Four Pillars of LBJ's Great Society

Education, Medical Care, Immigration, Civil Rights

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

Suez Crisis (1956)

international crisis launched when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. This crisis failed without aid from the United States and marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs

U-2 Spy Plane Incident

Soviets shot down a U-2 Spy Plane (US) and blamed America for spying on them. Soviets presented the pilot on National Soviet TV. USSR/US initiate a trade between the spies in Potsdam across a bridge.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

FDR

Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

George Kennan

American ambassador to the Soviet Union who proposed the policy of containment

Josip Broz Tito

the Communist leader of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980

Syngman Rhee

Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War.

Kim Il Sung

Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994.

Thomas Dewey

Republican presidential nominee in 1944 who failed in his effort to deny FDR a fourth term

J. Strom Thurmond

The South Carolina Governor, who the States-Rights party (Dixiecrats) chose as their 1948 presidential nominee

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

George Marshall

US General, created plan for rebuilding Europe (Marshall plan)

The Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for 46 years

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Occupation Zones

Germany split into four between the USSR, the U.S., Britain, and France; Berlin split into four as well, with the USSR controlling the Eastern half and the remaining half split between the remaining three nations

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Dumbarton Oaks

Where the plan for a United Nations organization was drawn up

Red Army

the name of the Soviet Union's military

Operation Vittles

With help from the Royal Air force, the United States began an around-the-clock airlift of historic proportions that delivered nearly 2 million tons of supplies to West Berliners.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey