RAD 118 CH.2 General Anatomy

positioning

anatomy

structure of the body

physiology

function of body organs

osteology

study relating to the bones of the body

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left segments

midsagittal plane MSP

passes through midline and divides body into = right and left halves

Coronal plane

-Passes through body from side to side

-Divides body into anterior and posterior

midcoronal plane MCP

divides body into equal anterior/posterior halves

Horizontal plane (transverse) (axial) (cross sectional)

-Pass crosswise through body

-Right angle to sagittal and coronal planes

-Divides body into superior and inferior portions

Thoracic cavity

Subdivided into pericardial segment & two pleural portions

abdominal cavity

-Lower portion called the pelvic cavity

-Sometimes referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity contains..

-Pleural membranes

-Lungs

-Trachea

-Esophagus

-Pericardium

-Heart and great vessels

abdominal cavity contains..

-Stomach

-Liver 

-Gallbladder 

-Pancreas 

-Spleen

-Intestines

-Kidneys 

pelvic cavity contains..

-Rectum

-Urinary bladder

-Part of the reproductive system

right lower quadrant RUQ

liver, kidney, pancreas, gallbladder, colon

left upper quadrant LUQ

stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidney, colon,

right lower quadrant RLQ

colon, small intestine, ureter, appendix

left lower quadrant LLQ

colon, small intestine, ureter

sthenic

standard average body

hyposthenic

slightly thin/ tall body, organs lower/morevertical

asthenic

very thin/ tall, organs are lowest /most vertical

hypersthenic

short,broad, stocky organs higher/more horizontal

206

bones in the body

axial skeleton

• 80 bones

• supports/protects head & trunk

appendicular skeleton

• 126 bones

• provides means for movement

bone functions

Muscle attachment

Mechanical movement

Protection of internal organs

Support frame for body

Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts

Production of red and white blood cells

long bones

Body and two enlarged articular ends

Examples: femur and humerus

short bones

Example: carpal bones (wrist) and tarsal bones (ankle)

flat bones

-bones consist of two plates of compact bones

-Examples: sternum and cranium

irregular bones

Examples: vertebrae and facial bones

sesamoid bones

Very small and oval

Develop inside and beside tendons

Protect the tendon from excessive wear

Largest is patella

arthrology

-Study of joints/articulations between bones

-Joints make it possible for bones to:

Support the body

Protect internal organs

Create movement

functional types of joints

-Synarthroses: Immovable

-Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable

-Diarthroses: Freely movable

fibrous

-structural

-strongest joints, immoveable

-ex: inferior tib/fib, sutures of skull, roots of teeth

cartilaginous

-structural

-no joint cavity, virtually immoveable

-ex: symphysis pubis (sm) & epiphyseal plates (nm)

synovial

-structural

-freely moveable with wide range of motion

-Most complex joints in the body

• gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball & socket

open fracture

broken bone projected through skin

closed fracture

does not break through the skin

nondisplaced fracture

bone retains its normal alignment

displaced fracture

bones are not in anatomic alignment

Compression

a partial collapse or crack in a vertebra (the bone in the spine) caused by excessive force or weakened bone density.

simple “closed”

a broken bone that does not pierce or break through the skin

greenstick

an incomplete break where a bone bends and cracks on one side instead of snapping completely into separate pieces

transverse

break goes straight across the bone at a right angle

spiral/oblique

a complete break in a bone where the fracture line travels at an angle and twists around the bone shaft

comminuted

a severe type of broken bone where the bone shatters into three or more pieces

impacted

when the broken ends of a bone are driven together by forceful impact.

open compound

a severe broken bone injury where the sharp ends of the bone pierce through the skin and expose deep tissue to the outside environment

superficial

near the skin

projection

-Path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR

-Identified by entrance and exit points of the body

position

-Overall posture of the patient

-General body position

-Specific placement of the body or part in relation to table or IR

lordotic position

Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward

circumduction

circular movement of limb