MUSSOLINI

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78 Terms

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1861- FORMATION OF INDEPENDENT ITALY + everything wrong with it before 1914

  • independence from Austria (risorgimento)

  • Italy still divided (poor agricultural South, rich industrial North)

  • catholic church retained its own separate state (was also a separate political fraction causing disturbance)

  • liberal monarchy before 1914 was weak.

  • unification wasn’t complete

  • domination of liberals (reforming education=state education, break away from CC, stimulation of economical progress)

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1870 - INCORPORATION OF PAPAL STATES

  • Catholic hostility against the new Italian Kingdom (lasts into 20th century)

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1900 - RISTRICTION OF VOTING RIGHTS

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trasformismo (transformism)

Italian political term used in the late 19th century. It refers to the practice of politicians switching parties for personal gain, often leading to unstable governments.

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1904 - GENRAL STRIKE

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SEPTEMBER 1909 - MUSSOLINI WORKS FOR ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY

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SEPTEMBER 1911 - INVASION OF LIBYA

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NOVEMBER 1912 - MUSSOLINI EDITOR OF SOCIALIST NEWSPAPER ‘AVANTI!‘

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JUNE 1914 - RED WEEK

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OCTOBER 1914 - MUSSSOLINI EXPELLED FROM ISP

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NOVEMBER 1914 - MUSSOLINI FOUNDS Il Popolo d’Italia

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May 1915 - Italy signs Treaty of London (participation in WW1)

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January 1919 - biennio rosso starts; Arditi Association in Rome

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bienno rosso

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March 1919 formation of Fascio di Combattimento

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September 1919 - D’Annunzio takes Fiume

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September 1920 - wave of factory occupations, socialists’ electoral W

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May 1921 - Mussolini forms National Bloc electoral alliance w/ Giolitti/ 35 facists elected including Mussolini

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August 1921 Pact of Pacification betweeen facists and socialists

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October 1921 - formation of Partito Nazionale Facista

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November 1921 Mussolini elected leader of PNF

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Jul-Aug 1922 general strike broken up by fascist violence

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October 1922 March on Rome, Mussolini appointed as prime minister

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1915 RADIANT DAYS OF MAY

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November 1917 Manifesto to the Nation published

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July 1918 Mussolini formally renounces socialism

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March 1919 formation of Foscio di Combattimento in Milan

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June 1919 Foscist Programme published

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November 1919 first use of proportional represantation in elections; no fascist elected

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September 1922 Mussolini’s speech in Udine

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December 1923 Chigi Palace Pact

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1925 Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals published; Vidoni Palace Pact

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July 1926 Ministry of Corporations established

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corporate state

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October 1926 Turati replaces Farinacci as party secretary; Rocco’s Law

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April 1927 Charter of Labour introduced

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May 1928 new electoral law introduced; restriction of franchise to males belonging to fascist syndicates; power of king reduced

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March 1930 National Council of Corporations established

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1933 Doctrine of Fascism published

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1938 Chamber of Fasci and Corporations replaces Chamber of Deputies

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November 1922 Mussolini given emergency power

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December 1922 establishment of Fascist Grand Council

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January 1923 formation of national fascist militia

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July 1923 Acebro Law

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March 1924 fascist violence against opposition

a

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April 1924 elections held; fascists & allies win a large majority

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June 1924 Matteotti abducted and killed

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August 1924 Aventine Secession

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January 1925 end ‘Matteotti crisis‘

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February 1925 Farinacci secretary of National Fascist Party

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July 1925 control of press exerted

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August 1925 fascist podesta controls provinces

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podesta

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January 1926 Mussolini takes power to rule by decree

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April 1926 Rocco’s Law on labour relations passed (executed in October)

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November 1926 internal exile (confino) for political prisoners

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April 1927 formation of OVRA

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June 1940 Italy joins WW2

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1942 allied bombing of Italy

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July 1943 Mussolini brought down by coup

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September 1943 Italy surrenders, formation of Salo Republic (Italian Social Republic)

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April 1945 Mussolini arrested and shot

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1922 law to break up large estates (not enforced)

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1924 Battle over the Southern Problem

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1925 Battle for Grain; Vidoni Pact

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1926 Battle for Land, Battle for Lira

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1927 Battle for Births, formation of the ONB, Charter of Labour

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1928 Catholic Scout organisation banned

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1929 Lateran Treaty and Concordat

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1931 same-sex relations illeegal, laws against abortion and divorce passed

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1933 IRI set up

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1936 Rome-Berlin Axis signed between Nazi Germany and Italy

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membership of GIL compulsory

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July 1938 Charter of Race drawn up

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Sep-Nov 1938 Racial laws and decrees carried out

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risorgimento

‘rebirth’, literary and cultural revival in italy after 1815. movement campaigned against: division withing Italy and foreign domination, called for political unification.

they made the unification and independence happen. nationalists.

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autarky

policy of economic independnce

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