MUSSOLINI

1861- FORMATION OF INDEPENDENT ITALY + everything wrong with it before 1914

• independence from Austria (risorgimento)

• Italy still divided (poor agricultural South, rich industrial North)

• catholic church retained its own separate state (was also a separate political fraction causing disturbance)

• liberal monarchy before 1914 was weak.

• unification wasn’t complete

• domination of liberals (reforming education=state education, break away from CC, stimulation of economical progress)

1870 - INCORPORATION OF PAPAL STATES

• Catholic hostility against the new Italian Kingdom (lasts into 20th century)

1900 - RISTRICTION OF VOTING RIGHTS

trasformismo (transformism)

Italian political term used in the late 19th century. It refers to the practice of politicians switching parties for personal gain, often leading to unstable governments.

1904 - GENRAL STRIKE

SEPTEMBER 1909 - MUSSOLINI WORKS FOR ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY

SEPTEMBER 1911 - INVASION OF LIBYA

NOVEMBER 1912 - MUSSOLINI EDITOR OF SOCIALIST NEWSPAPER ‘AVANTI!‘

JUNE 1914 - RED WEEK

OCTOBER 1914 - MUSSSOLINI EXPELLED FROM ISP

NOVEMBER 1914 - MUSSOLINI FOUNDS Il Popolo d’Italia

May 1915 - Italy signs Treaty of London (participation in WW1)

January 1919 - biennio rosso starts; Arditi Association in Rome

bienno rosso

March 1919 formation of Fascio di Combattimento

September 1919 - D’Annunzio takes Fiume

September 1920 - wave of factory occupations, socialists’ electoral W

May 1921 - Mussolini forms National Bloc electoral alliance w/ Giolitti/ 35 facists elected including Mussolini

August 1921 Pact of Pacification betweeen facists and socialists

October 1921 - formation of Partito Nazionale Facista

November 1921 Mussolini elected leader of PNF

Jul-Aug 1922 general strike broken up by fascist violence

October 1922 March on Rome, Mussolini appointed as prime minister

1915 RADIANT DAYS OF MAY

November 1917 Manifesto to the Nation published

July 1918 Mussolini formally renounces socialism

March 1919 formation of Foscio di Combattimento in Milan

June 1919 Foscist Programme published

November 1919 first use of proportional represantation in elections; no fascist elected

September 1922 Mussolini’s speech in Udine

December 1923 Chigi Palace Pact

1925 Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals published; Vidoni Palace Pact

July 1926 Ministry of Corporations established

corporate state

October 1926 Turati replaces Farinacci as party secretary; Rocco’s Law

April 1927 Charter of Labour introduced

May 1928 new electoral law introduced; restriction of franchise to males belonging to fascist syndicates; power of king reduced

March 1930 National Council of Corporations established

1933 Doctrine of Fascism published

1938 Chamber of Fasci and Corporations replaces Chamber of Deputies

November 1922 Mussolini given emergency power

December 1922 establishment of Fascist Grand Council

January 1923 formation of national fascist militia

July 1923 Acebro Law

March 1924 fascist violence against opposition

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April 1924 elections held; fascists & allies win a large majority

June 1924 Matteotti abducted and killed

August 1924 Aventine Secession

January 1925 end ‘Matteotti crisis‘

February 1925 Farinacci secretary of National Fascist Party

July 1925 control of press exerted

August 1925 fascist podesta controls provinces

podesta

January 1926 Mussolini takes power to rule by decree

April 1926 Rocco’s Law on labour relations passed (executed in October)

November 1926 internal exile (confino) for political prisoners

April 1927 formation of OVRA

June 1940 Italy joins WW2

1942 allied bombing of Italy

July 1943 Mussolini brought down by coup

September 1943 Italy surrenders, formation of Salo Republic (Italian Social Republic)

April 1945 Mussolini arrested and shot

1922 law to break up large estates (not enforced)

1924 Battle over the Southern Problem

1925 Battle for Grain; Vidoni Pact

1926 Battle for Land, Battle for Lira

1927 Battle for Births, formation of the ONB, Charter of Labour

1928 Catholic Scout organisation banned

1929 Lateran Treaty and Concordat

1931 same-sex relations illeegal, laws against abortion and divorce passed

1933 IRI set up

1936 Rome-Berlin Axis signed between Nazi Germany and Italy

membership of GIL compulsory

July 1938 Charter of Race drawn up

Sep-Nov 1938 Racial laws and decrees carried out

risorgimento

‘rebirth’, literary and cultural revival in italy after 1815. movement campaigned against: division withing Italy and foreign domination, called for political unification.

they made the unification and independence happen. nationalists.

autarky

policy of economic independnce