APUSH CH 30

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 communist revolution in Russia that overthrew the czar and established a socialist state, increasing American fear of communism.

Palmer Raids

1919–1920 government raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer targeting suspected radicals, resulting in mass arrests and deportations.

Criminal Syndicalism Laws

State laws that outlawed advocating violent revolution or radical labor movements, used to suppress labor activists and communists.

American Plan

Post–World War I employer strategy promoting open shops and opposing labor unions as un-American.

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial

Controversial trial and execution of two Italian anarchists accused of murder, widely viewed as influenced by nativism and anti-radicalism.

Ku Klux Klan

Revived white supremacist organization in the 1920s that promoted racism, nativism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-Semitism.

Nativists

Americans who opposed immigration, especially from southern and eastern Europe.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Law limiting immigration to 3% of each nationality already in the U.S. based on the 1910 census.

Immigration Act of 1924

Law that reduced immigration quotas to 2% based on the 1890 census and banned immigration from Asia.

Eighteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol.

Volstead Act

Law that enforced Prohibition by defining illegal alcohol and setting penalties.

Wets

People who opposed Prohibition.

Drys

People who supported Prohibition.

Bootlegger

Person who illegally produced or sold alcohol during Prohibition.

Speakeasy

Illegal bar or club that sold alcohol during Prohibition.

Noble Experiment

Nickname for Prohibition, suggesting it was meant to improve American morality.

Racketeer

Criminal involved in organized illegal activities, often connected to gangs.

Scopes “Monkey” Trial

1925 trial over the teaching of evolution in schools, symbolizing conflict between science and religion.

Fundamentalism

Religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Bible Belt

Region in the southern United States where evangelical Protestantism strongly influenced culture.

Consumerism

Economic and cultural emphasis on purchasing goods as a measure of success.

Installment Buying

Method of purchasing goods with small down payments and monthly installments.

Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor’s system using efficiency studies to improve worker productivity.

Model T

Affordable automobile produced by Henry Ford that made car ownership widespread.

Fordism

System of mass production using assembly lines and high wages to boost productivity.

“Miracle at Kitty Hawk”

First successful powered airplane flight by the Wright brothers in 1903.

KDKA

First commercial radio station in the United States, beginning broadcasts in 1920.

The Jazz Singer

First feature-length motion picture with synchronized sound, released in 1927.

United Negro Improvement Association

Organization led by Marcus Garvey that promoted Black pride and economic independence.

Modernism

Cultural movement rejecting traditional values and embracing experimentation in art and thought.

Lost Generation

Group of post–World War I writers disillusioned with American society.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural and artistic explosion of African American literature, music, and art in the 1920s.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who led the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare.

Nicola Sacco

Italian anarchist executed after the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti trial.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchist executed alongside Nicola Sacco in a trial influenced by nativism.

Horace Kallen

Philosopher who supported cultural pluralism and argued against forced assimilation.

Randolph Bourne

Writer who criticized nationalism and supported cultural diversity.

Al Capone

Notorious Chicago gangster who profited from bootlegging during Prohibition.

John Scopes

Tennessee teacher charged with illegally teaching evolution.

Frederick W. Taylor

Creator of scientific management and efficiency-based labor systems.

Henry Ford

Automobile manufacturer who revolutionized mass production with the assembly line.

Charles Lindbergh

Aviator who completed the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927.

Margaret Sanger

Reformer who advocated birth control and founded Planned Parenthood.

Sigmund Freud

Psychologist whose theories emphasized the unconscious mind and human sexuality.

H.L. Mencken

Journalist who criticized fundamentalism and covered the Scopes Trial.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Author who portrayed the excess and disillusionment of the Jazz Age.

Ernest Hemingway

Writer known for minimalist style and themes of war and disillusionment.

T.S. Eliot

Modernist poet who explored fragmentation and alienation.

William Faulkner

Southern novelist known for complex narratives and experimental writing.

Langston Hughes

Poet and leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader who promoted Pan-Africanism and racial pride.