3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

What is the process of gene transfer to bacteria?

1. Isolate the desire gene from the original species using restriction endonuclease (If the gene is eukaryotic, use reverse transcriptase to produce an edited version of the gene)
2. Isolate an appropriate vector (used to deliver DNA fragments into a cell) in this case, a plasmid
3. Cut plasmid with restriction endonuclease--> opens the loop, turning it into a string
4. Sticky ends are left by the enzyme, or it can be made by adding nucleotides
5. Mix the cut plasmids and target DNA
6. DNA ligase makes sugar-phosphate bonds between plasmid and DNA
7. Transfer the recombinant plasmid into the bacterium

What is the process of electrophoresis

1. DNA or RNA sample is cut by restriction endonucleases (cuts the double helix at specific sequences)
2. Sample is loaded into wells
3. gel (polysaccharide agarose) is submerged into a buffer solution and electric current is run through the gel.
4.DNA samples move toward the positive pole

What is genetic modification?

Is the transfer of DNA sequences from one specie to other

What is DNA profiling and where is used?

It is a technique where non-coding regions of DNA are used to create a profile of an individual.
It can be used in crime scenes and paternity tests

What are the two methods of animal cloning?

1. Splitting or fragmentation of an embryo
2. Using differentiated cells and somatic cell to clone adult animals.

What are the steps of DNA profiling?

1. DNA is obtained from the root of a hair, a spot of blood, semen, or saliva
2. DNA is amplified by PCR
3. Restriction endonuclease cuts the Satellite DNA from the copy
4. Fragments are separated by electrophoresis
5. The pattern from electrophoresis is compared to the suspect's or father need to be the same length

What are the cloning methods in plants

By growing bulbs (Garlic cloves), tubers and runners (Strawberries) all this by mitosis

What are clones?

Groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell

Risks of genetic modified crops

- Insects that aren't pests can be killed
- Cross pollination can cause wild plants to be toxic to
- Increase monoculture
- Resistance to the toxin
- Corporate control over food supply
- There isn't enough study of their effect in human health

Outline how gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size.

An electrical current is used to move the molecules from the negative part of the gel towards the positive part of the gel. This happens s because DNA, RNA, and proteins are negative. The smallest ones travel to towards the end of the gel while the bigger ones stay closer to the wells

Methods of Bacteria cloning

Binary fission

How animals natural clone?

By mitosis (budding) and Parthenogenesis (adult lays eggs containing 100% of her genetic information)

Explain how PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA.

1. DNA is hated in order to break hydrogen bonds and “open” the double helix (at 98ºC)
2. temperature descend to 45ºC, so prime's (DNA sequences) anneal to the desire part of the strands
3. Nucleotides are added to the medium and temperature is raised 72ºC and Taq polymerase starts to copy from the primers
4. Taq polymerase adds the nucleotides to the DNA→ elongation.

Explain cloning adult animals

1. Donor somatic cell from an adult is taken and cultured in the lab
2. An unfertilized egg is taken from a sheep and the nucleus is removed
3. Egg without nucleus is fused with donor cell by electricity
4. The embryo resulting is put into a third sheep
5. Birth is done normally

Describe Splitting or fragmentation of an embryo

1. Early embryo (8 totipotent cells)
2. Individual cells are separated
3. New embryos are developed from each cell
4. Embryos are implanted in recipient mother
5. Offspring result in identical twins

Benefits of genetic modified crops

- Introduction of new positive traits to the crop
- High crop yields= more foods
- Less use of land = leaving more natural ecosystem.
- Less use of insecticides