States of Matter in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

What are the two types of intermolecular forces?

Attractive and repulsive forces.

What are cohesive forces of attraction?

Forces when like molecules are attracted to one another.

What are adhesive forces of attraction?

Forces when different molecules are attracted to one another.

What are the types of intermolecular attractive forces?

Van der Waals, Dipole-Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole, Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole, Ion-Dipole, and Hydrogen Bond.

What is a hydrogen bond?

A uniquely strong type of dipole-dipole interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom.

What are Dipole-Dipole Forces?

Forces that occur when polar molecules possessing permanent dipoles interact, with an attraction range of 1-7 kcal/mole.

What are Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces?

Forces where a polar molecule induces a temporary dipole in a nonpolar molecule, with an attraction range of 1-3 kcal/mole.

What are Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces?

Also known as dispersion forces or London forces, these arise from molecular vibrations in nonpolar molecules, with an attraction range of 0.5-1 kcal/mole.

What are Ion-Dipole Forces?

Forces resulting from the interaction of polar molecules with charged species, with an attraction energy of about 1-7 kcal/mole.

What is the gaseous state characterized by?

Higher kinetic energy, rapid motion, weak intermolecular forces, no regular shape, and compressibility.

What is Boyle's Law?

For 1 mole of gas at a fixed temperature, the product of pressure (P) and volume (V) is a constant.

What is the liquid state characterized by?

Definite volume, shape of the container, denser than gases, less kinetic energy than gases, and ability to flow.

What is vapor pressure?

A physical property of liquids that depends on temperature, representing the pressure of saturated vapor above the liquid.

What is the boiling point of a liquid?

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.

What is the solid state characterized by?

Fixed shape, nearly incompressible, strong intermolecular forces, and very little kinetic energy.

What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

Vapor pressure and boiling point are inversely related.

What is the kinetic energy formula for an ideal gas?

KE = 3/2 RT, where R is the ideal gas constant and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin.

What is the significance of the phase diagram for a eutectic mixture?

It illustrates the phase behavior of mixtures, particularly in pharmaceuticals.

What is the role of blood gases in pharmaceutical sciences?

They are important for interpreting the oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in patients.

What is the difference between chemical and physical stability?

Chemical stability refers to the integrity of a compound's chemical structure, while physical stability relates to its physical properties and form.

What are the characteristics of solids in pharmaceuticals?

Solids are characterized by shape, particle size, melting point, surface energy, hardness, elastic properties, compaction, and porosity.

What is the significance of intermolecular forces in determining the states of matter?

They influence the physical characteristics, such as boiling and melting points, and stability of substances.

What are the applications of gases in pharmaceutical sciences?

They are used in the interpretation of blood gases and in various pharmaceutical formulations.

What factors influence the flow of liquids?

The flow of liquids is influenced by friction and their intermolecular forces.

What is the importance of understanding the potential energy diagrams for intermolecular forces?

They help visualize the energy changes associated with attractive and repulsive forces between molecules.