Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides Overview
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35 Terms
What is a monosaccharide?
The simplest carbohydrate; a single sugar unit.
What is a polysaccharide?
A carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides linked together.
What is glucose?
A very important monosaccharide and the main energy sugar in the body.
What is fructose?
A monosaccharide commonly found in fruit.
What is galactose?
A monosaccharide that is part of lactose.
What is mannose?
A monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins.
What is fucose?
A modified monosaccharide often found in glycans.
What is N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)?
A modified monosaccharide found in glycoproteins.
What is N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)?
A modified monosaccharide important in mucins and O-linked glycosylation.
What is N-acetylmannosamine?
A modified monosaccharide that is a precursor to sialic acid.
What is sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid)?
A modified monosaccharide commonly found on cell surfaces.
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides linked together.
What is maltose?
A disaccharide made of glucose + glucose.
What is sucrose?
A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose.
What is lactose?
A disaccharide made of galactose + glucose.
What is glycogen?
The storage form of glucose in animals.
What monosaccharide makes up glycogen?
Glucose.
What type of bonds are in glycogen?
Mostly α(1→4) glycosidic bonds with α(1→6) branches.
What is starch?
The storage form of glucose in plants.
What is amylose?
A linear form of starch made only of glucose.
What type of bonds are in amylose?
α(1→4) glycosidic bonds.
What is amylopectin?
A branched form of starch made only of glucose.
What type of bonds are in amylopectin?
α(1→4) glycosidic bonds with α(1→6) branches.
What is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide found in plants.
What monosaccharide makes up cellulose?
Glucose.
What type of bonds are in cellulose?
β(1→4) glycosidic bonds.
Can humans digest cellulose?
No.
What is the main difference between glycogen/starch and cellulose?
They are all made of glucose, but they differ in glycosidic bond type.
What are alpha (α) glycosidic bonds?
Bonds typically found in storage carbohydrates like glycogen and starch.
What are beta (β) glycosidic bonds?
Bonds typically found in structural carbohydrates like cellulose.
Which polysaccharides are storage carbohydrates?
Glycogen and starch.
Which polysaccharide is a structural carbohydrate?
Cellulose.
What are the two forms of starch?
Amylose and amylopectin.
What are all the major polysaccharides in this chapter made of?
Glucose.
What is an easy memory trick for polysaccharides?
All the major polysaccharides are made of glucose; the bond type changes the function.