Chem 12-14

suffixes for alcohol, aldehyde, and ketones

alcohol: “ol”

aldehyde: “al”

ketones: “one”

alcohol ex

R-O-H, ends in “ol” - ex, contains OH

thiols ex

R-S-H, ends in “thiol”, contains SH

aldehydes ex

R-CHO, ends in “al“, contains CHO

ketones ex

R-C=O-R, ends in “one“, contains double bond on Oxygen, ketone can either be on carbon 3 or 2

ethers ex

R-O-R, attached to the O, if both groups are the same use prefix “di”, suffix “ether”

solubility

-like disolves like

-alkanes, alkenes, alkynes = nonpolar & insoluble in H2O but solube in others

ether polarity

-ethers with less than 6 carbons are water soluble

-more than 6 carbones are not soluble in water

alcohols polarity

-alcohols are 4 carons or less are water soluble

-5 carbons or more are insoluble

polarity/solubility

more polar = less carbon, more polar = stronger IMF = higher boiling point

types of alcohol

1st degree: R-OH

2nd degree: R-OH-R

3rd degree: C-R-R-R-OH

aldehyde & ketones solubility

-Aldehydes & ketones are polar (dipole dipole forces)

-5 carbon or less are water soluble, 6C or more not water soluble

1st reaction

dehydration of alcohols to from alkenes = loses OH, creates double bond, H2O in products

2nd reaction

oxidation of alcohols = addition of oxygen/removal of hydrogen, makes double bond

1 degree = alcohol → aldehyde, OH attached to 1C aldehyde

2 degree = alcohol → ketone, attached to 2C ketone

3 degree = alcohol → No reaction

3rd reaction

oxidation of thiols = an H is lost from each of the 2 thiols reacting

R1-S-H + H-S-R2 → R1-S-S-R2 + H2O

creates double bond to O, loses H

4th reaction

reduction rxn, (reverse of xoidation), a catalyst such as Ni, Pd, Pt must be present

a) aldehyde + H2 → alcohol (primary alcohol)

b) ketone + H2 → alcohol (secondary alcohol)

carboxylic acid ex

R-C=O-OH (RCOOH), ends in “oic” acid

acid polarity

-acids are H+ donors, extremely polar, acids w/ 5C or less are soluble, 6 or 7C are slightly soluble

-carboxylic acids have higher b.p. than alcohols, ketones, or aldehydes of similar size

naming esters

name the part that comes from alcohol (suffix “yl”), then name the part that come from the carboxylic acid using suffix “oate”

hydrolysis of esters (reverse of esterification)

ester + H2O → carboxylic acid + alcohol

amines

derives of ammonia (NH3), where one or more of the H is replaced w/ an alkyl group

1st degree: 1H is replaced by R

2nd degree: 2H is replaced by R

3rd degree; 3H is replaced by R

naming amines

name the C attachments in alphabetical order then add word “amine”

use “di” or “tri” for identical substitutes

solubility of amines

amines w/ less than 6C are water soluble

1, 2 degree: can make H-bonds to H2O

3 degree: cannot, instead makes dipole forces

amides

derives of carboxylic acids & amines

naming; alkyl groups attached to N are named N-alkyl name

drop the suffix “oic acid” & replace w/ “amide”

acid hydrolysis

amide + H2O + acid → carboxylic acid + ammonium salt

base hydrolysis

amide + H2O + NaOH → salt of the carboxylic acid + ammonium salt

carbohydrates

3C = triose

4C = tetrose

5C = pentose

6C = hexose

7C = heptose

8C = octose

chiral molecules

-when a chiral object is sliced in ½ the 2 halves are mirrored

D & L notation

-# the carbons so the 1st C is on the top

-find the last chiral C

L = OH is on the left

D = OH is on the right

D-Glucose

left side - H, OH, H, H

D-Fructose

both ends have CH2OH, left side - OH, H, H

D-Galactose

left - H, OH, OH, H

haworth structures - cylic

-put the line structure on its side

-the last OH connects to the 1st C, making the last be on the rightmost side/first line

cyclic alpha or beta

OH up = beta isomer

OH down = alpha isomer

disaccharides

maltose = 2 glucose

lactose = glucose + galactose

sucrose = glucose + fructose

monosaccharide bonding → glycosidic acid

Alpha link = OH group is on the same side

beta link = OH group is on opposite sides

numbering is where the molecules are connecting to the O

ex; alpha-1,4-glycosidic acid