AP psych units 5

health psychology

Looks at how biological, pschyolgocial and social factors affect out health and well-being

stress

The process by whcih we perceive and respond to enviornmental threats or challeneges (stressors) that we appraise as overwhelming or demanding eustress

eustress

A positive form of stress that motivates individuals to perform well and achieve goals, enhancing focus and resilience without overwhelming them

distress

A negative form of stress that overhwelms an individuals ability to cope, leading to anxiety, decreased performance, and potential health problems

traumatic stress

A form of stress resulting from deeply distressing or life-threatening events, often leading to long term psychological and physiological effects

daily hassle

A minor, everyday stressor or inconvenience, such as traffic or misplacing items, that can accumulate over time and impact well being

aces

traumatic events during childhood

examples of aces

abuse, neglect, household dysfunction

what does aces incease

long term stress vulnerability and risk for mental and physical health issues

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

Model that explains how our body responds to stress

how many stages are there in the GAS model

3

what is the first stage of GAS

The alarm stage

alarm stage

The body's immediate reaction to stress, activating the sympathetic nervous system and releasing adrenaline and cortisol to prepare for a fight or flight response

what is the second stage in GAS

the resistance stage

resistance stage

The body remains on high alert, continuing to release stress hormones while attempting to adapt to the stressor and maintain homeostasis

what is the third stage of GAS

the exhaustion stage

exhaustion stage

Prolonged stress depletes the body's resources. Leading to weakened immunity, increased vulnerability to illness, and potential physical or psychological breakdown

stress related ilnesses

Weakened immune system, Higher risk of heart disease, Trouble sleeping, Anxiety, Depression

tend and befriend theory

In response to stress, individuals –especially women– are biologically inclined to seek social support (befriend) and care for others (tend) as an adaptive survival strategy

coping with stress

The cognitive and behavioral strategies individuals use to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress and its emotional impact

what are the two methods for coping with stress

problem focused and emotion focused

problem focused coping

Involves directly addressing or chaining the source of stress to reduce its impact

emotion focused coping

Involves managing the emotional distress associated with a stressor

positive psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on the study of positive emotions, strengths and factors that contribute to human flourishing. Aiming to enhance well being, happiness, and life satisfaction rather than just treating mental illness

subjective well being

An individual's self perceived happiness and life satisfaction

examples of subjective well being

emotional responses, overall life evaluations, a sense of purpose of fulfillment

two types of subjective well being

positive subjective experience, positive objective experience

positive subjective experience

Personal, internal feelings of happiness, joy, contentment or other pleasant emotions that contribute to an individual's sense of well being

positive objective experience

Involves externally measurable life circumstances, Stable relationships Meaningfull work, good health All contribute to well-being

6 core virtues

wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence

post traumatic growth

The positive psychological change that can occur as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances

examples of post traumatic growth

increased personal strength, deeper relationships, greater appreciation for life, new perspectives or spiritual development

psychological disorders

A pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life, presenting distress or impairment, and deviate from cultural norms, not resulting from acceptable social responses to particular events

3 types of diagnosis disorders

levels of dysfunction, perception of distress, deviation of social norms

levels of dysfunction

The degree to which a psychological disorder interferes with an individual's daily functioning, including their thoughts, emotions, behaviors and ability to maintain relationships or responsibilities

perception of distress

The individual's subjective experience or emotional or psychological suffering, which can be a key indicator in diagnosing mental disorders

deviation of social norms

Behavior that significantly differs from societal expectations or accepted standards, often used as a criterion to identify abnormal or disordered behavior

what are the pros to diagnosing an individual

Provides clarity and relief for patients, helps professionals improve treatment, insurance coverage, school/work accommodations

cons to diagnosing an individual

Stigma associated with a diagnoses, historical role of misdiagnosis based on: Racism, Sexism, Ageism, discrimination

DSM 5 (diagnostic and statistical of mental disorders)

Outlines symptoms, criteria and classifications for psychological disorders helping professionals make accurate diagnoses

behavioral psychology

Treat disorders by using learning principles like reinforcement, punishment and conditions to modify maladaptive behaviors and replace them with healthier responses

Psychodynamic psychology

Focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts past experiences and repressed emotions that influence current behaviors aiming to increase self awareness and insight to resolve psychological distress

Humanistic psychology

a perspective in psychology that focuses on the individual's unique experiences, free will, and potential for self-actualization

Biological psychology

investigates how brain structures, functions, and chemical processes, as well as genes and hormones, influence thoughts, feelings, and actions. In essence, it explores the link between the mind and the body

Evolutionary psychology

Explains psychological disorder as maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns that may have once been evolutionarily advantageous but no longer serve e beneficial purpose in modern environment

Sociocultural psychology

Influenced by social, cultural, and environmental factors such as family dynamics, socioeconomic status, cultural norms, and community support systems

The eclectic approach

A therapeutic method that combines techniques and ideas from multiple perspectives or schools of thought to best meet the individuals needs of the client

Biopsychosocial model

Human behavior and mental processes are influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social cultural factors

Diathesis-stress model

Psychological disorders develop when a predisposition interacts with stressors, triggering the onset of the condition

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A group of conditions that affect brain development, leading to difficulties in areas such as learning, communication, social interaction, and behavior typically emerging in early childhood

Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Challenges in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors, with a wide range of severity and symptoms that can vary across individuals

Schizophrenia

Characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, emotions, and behavior, often including delusion, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and impaired functioning

acute schizophrenia

A sudden onset of severe psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations and disorganized thinking, often triggered by stress or trauma

chronic schizophrenia

A long term persistent form, where symptoms fluctuate over time but tend to result in ongoing difficulties with social, occupations and daily functioning

Positive symptoms

The presence of abnormal behaviors which are not seen in healthy individuals

Delusions

False beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary. Often involving paranoia grandiosity or persecution

examples of positive symptoms,

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized motor behavior

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. Most commonly auditory in individuals with schizophrenia

Disorganized thinking and speech

Illogical fragmented or incoherent thinking patterns that often manifest as tangential irrelevant or jumbled speech

Disorganized motor behavior

Catatonic excitement - a state of extreme purposeless motor activity characterized by restless agitated and sometimes repetitive movements

Negative symptoms

Absence or reduction of normal behaviors

examples of negative symptoms

flat affect, disorganized motor behavior

Flat affect

A lack of emotional expression. Where an individual shows little or no facial vocal or emotional response to situations

Disorganized motor behavior

Catatonic stupor - a state of immobility and unresponsiveness. Where an individual may remain motionless and mute for extended periods

Major Depressive disorders

Persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and other cognitive and physical symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning

Persistent depressive disorder

Characterized by mild to moderate depressive symptoms that persist for at least two years and interfere with daily functioning

Manic episode

A period of elevated expansive or irritable mood. Lasting at least one week is often accompanied by increased energy. Impulsivity and risk behaviors

Depressive episode

A period of persistent low mood and loss of interest or pleasure. Lasting at least two weeks. Often accompanied by fatigue feelings of worthlessness and difficulty concentrating

Bipolar disorders

Characterized by alternating periods of mania or hypomania and depression causing significant changes in energy moods and behaviors

what are the two bipolar disorders

bipolar 1 and 2

Bipolar I

Characterized by at least one maniac episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes with mania often causing significant impairment

Bipolar II

Involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode. But never a full manic episode making the mood swings less severe than bipolar I

Anxiety disorders

A category of mental disorders characterized by excessive fear, worry, or nervousness that can interfere with daily functioning

Specific phobia

Characterized by an intense, irrational fear of a specific object situation or activity that leads to avoidance and significant distress

Agoraphobia

Intense fear and avoidance of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable often leading to avoidance of public places

Panic

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with intense physical and psychological distress, often followed by worry about future attacks

Social anxiety

An intense fear of social situations where an individual's worries about being judged or embarrassed often leading to avoidance

Generalized anxiety

Excessive worry about various aspects of life, lasting for at least six months often accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms

Obsessive compulsive related disorders

Characterized by intrusive, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or compulsive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared outcome

Obsessions

Persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts urges or images that cause significant anxiety or distress

Compulsions

Persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, urges or images that cause significant anxiety or distress

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions. Regardless of value leading to cluttered living spaces and distress or impairment

Dissociative disorders

Mental health conditions characterized by disruptions in memory, identity emotion, perception and behavior often as a response to trauma

Dissociative amnesia

Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting

Dissociative identity disorder

Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states

Trauma and stressor related disorders

Mental health conditions triggered by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, causing significant emotional, psychological and behavioral distress

PTSD

Caused by experiencing, witnessing, or learning about a frightening or harmful event that overwhelms a person's ability to cope, learning to lasting emotional distress

Hypervigilance

Constantly being on high alert for danger

Severe anxiety

Intense fear or worry triggered by trauma reminders

Flashbacks

Reliving the traumatic event as if its happening again

Insomnia

Difficulty falling or staying asleep due to distress

Emotional detachment

Feeling numb or disconnected from others

Hostility

Irritability or anger that may escalate quickly

Feeding Eating disorders

Characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behavior and an excessive focus on body weight, shape, or food leading to significant physical and emotional distress

Anorexia nervosa

Extreme food restriction an intense fear or gaining weight and a distorted body image leading to dangerously low body weight

Bulimia nervosa

Episodes of binge eating followed by behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain

Personality disorders

Characterized by enduring patterns of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that deviate from cultural norms and cause significant distress or impairment in relationships and daily functioning

how many clusters of personality disorders are there

3

what personality disorders are in cluster A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal