History Second Year Exam

Church Hierarchy

Pope at the top, Cardinals, bishops, priests below Great wealth and power

Church Abuses

Simony (selling church positions)Nepotism (favouring relatives), Pluralism (holding multiple positions), Absenteeism (not living in assigned area)

Abuses Continued

Loss of respect for clergy, Increased calls for reform, Widespread dissatisfaction Printing

Press Impact

Spread new ideas quickly, Made Bibles and pamphlets accessible, Helped reformers reach more people

Martin Luther's Early Life

German monk, Studied law, became a priest, Troubled by church practices

Justification by Faith

Salvation through faith alone, Good works not necessary for salvation

Indulgences Conflict

Church sold indulgences to reduce punishment for sins, Luther opposed this practice

95 Theses

List of arguments against indulgences, Posted on church door in Wittenberg, 1517Sparked the Reformation

Papal Opposition

Condemned Luther's teachings, Excommunicated Luther

Exile and Writings

Went into hiding, Translated Bible into German, Continued writing and spreading ideas

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed German princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism, Ended religious wars in Germany

Henry VIII's Reign

Broke from Catholic Church, Established Church of England, Wanted annulment from Catherine of Aragon

Religious Shifts in England

Switched between Catholic and Protestant rulers, Religious conflict and persecution

Elizabeth I's Rule

Established Protestantism, Created religious compromise, Strengthened Church of England

Jesuit Order

Founded by Ignatius Loyola, Focused on education and missionary work, Defended Catholicism

Inquisition

Church court to root out heresy, Used torture and punishment

Council of Trent

Catholic leaders met to reform church, Clarified doctrines, Ended some abuses

Population Groups in Ireland

Gaelic Irish, Old English, New English and Scottish settlers

Surrender and Regrant

Irish lords surrendered land to English king, Got it back with English title, Aimed to anglicize Irish lords

Ulster Plantation

English and Scottish settlers given land in Ulster, Displaced native Irish

Plantation Rules

Build fortified houses, No Irish tenants, Follow English law and customs

Plantation Outcomes

Increased English control, Tension and conflict, Changed land ownership

Religious Impact of Plantations

Spread Protestantism, Deepened religious divisions, Cultural

Changes from Plantations

English language and customs spreadDecline of Gaelic culture

French Social Estates

First Estate: Clergy, Second Estate: Nobility, Third Estate: Commoners

Estates General

Assembly representing three estates, Called in 1789 to address financial crisis

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate vowed not to separate, Promised to create a new constitution