Unit 6- Industrialization and Its Effects

Industrial Rev

• post French Rev

• change in way goods were made for sale

• resulting in a shift from agrarian economies to mechanized manufacturing, leading to urbanization and societal changes

• 1850s/70s

Where did the Agricultural Revolution start and why?

• Britain

  • many entrepreneurs

  • rich in mineral resources

  • markets all over the world

  • and a strong navy for trade

Significant inventions

• spinning jenny

• steam engine

Great Exihbition

The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the first international exhibition of manufactured goods, showcasing innovations from the Industrial Revolution at London's Crystal Palace.

Why were some places in the best slower to industrialize?

• lacked mineral deposits

• hard to change fuedalism which was still big in these places

What were the main inventions of the first Industrial Rev?

steam, textiles, iron

What were the main inventions of the second Industrial Rev?

steel, chemicals, electricity

Krupp Family?

Big German industrial conglomerate known for steel production and weapons manufacturing.

What was so important about the introduction to railroads?

• led to cars being faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people, which spurred economic growth and connected markets.

What happened to consumerism during the industrial rev?

• it went up due to factories

• no longer cottage industry where you coukd only buy a shirt at the shirt makers house

• now 10 factories were all producing shirts

• also, bc of the agricultural revolution, people had more food and therefore they were able to spead money on consumer goods to better their appearance

Pros of the 2nd industrial rev?

• The Second Industrial Revolution led to significant technological advancements, increased production efficiency, a rise in consumer goods availability, and improved living standards for rich.

• It also fostered urbanization and created new job opportunities in various sectors.

Cons of the 2nd industrial rev?

• Although the Second Industrial Revolution brought economic growth, it also resulted in labor exploitation, poor working conditions, environmental pollution, and increased wealth inequality. Workers faced long hours and low wages, while industrial cities struggled with overcrowding and sanitation issues.

Industrialization in Prussia?

• prussia most powerful in the Germanic States

  • tension between Prussia and States

• created the Zollverien Agreement to lower barriers and help trade and unite states

Social Effect of the second industrial rev

• clear division in classes between who did what kind of work

• Proleteriat vs Bourgeoise

Proletariat

• Factory workers

• Moved to cities from countrysides after enclosure movement

• Often lived in tenements- poorly constructed apartment buildings with no plumbing or airflow

  • disease spread quickly

• facined harsh conditions and economic struggles.

Bourgeoise

• middle class

• “white collar workers” who owned the means of production and benefited from the industrial system, often contrasted with the proletariat

Family Life in the Early 19th century

Family life was centered around the home, with many families working together in cottage industries or farms. Industrialization led to shifts where men worked in factories, while women often took on domestic roles, creating changes in family dynamics and responsibilities

Bourgeoisie fam life

• nuclear family

• women household jobs

• father makes income

Proleteriat fam life

• everyone working

• many kids

What resulted from the awful working conditions?

• Factory Acts- kids under 9 can’t work

• 10 hours act- limiting working hours to ten hours per day for women and children

Were the new laws put in place for better working conditions listened to?

• not really

• many factoryowners resisted and often ignored them, leading to continued unsafe and unfair labor practices

• also people needed all the money they could get so that they could survive

The Concert of Europe

A system of inter-allied cooperation established after the Napoleonic Wars to maintain stability and balance of power in Europe.

What should be associated with the concert of Europe?

• Conservative Reactions

Conservatisim

a political ideology favoring tradition, stability, and gradual change, often valuing established institutions and norms.

Congress System

A diplomatic system established by the Great Powers of Europe to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary movements.

What were some reactions to the conservatism post French Revolution?

Revolutionary uprisings and liberal movements emerged across Europe, challenging traditional authority and promoting ideals of democracy and nationalism.

Greek Revolution (1821-1832)

• Greece was controlled by the Ottomans and wanted independence

• They got help from Britain, France, and Russia because they sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire and promote their own interests in the region

• The Greek Revolution was a successful war of independence against Ottoman rule, leading to the establishment of an independent Greek state, which inspired nationalist movements in other regions under imperial control.

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

• liberal decemberists try to overthrow conservative government in Russia and promote constitutional reform (Tsar Nicholas was conmservative)

• The Decembrist Revolt was a failed uprising led by military officers in Russia who sought to challenge the autocracy of Tsar Nicholas I and establish a constitutional government, reflecting the growing discontent among liberals following the Napoleonic Wars.

July Revolution (1830)

Charles X (who took over after Louis 18) wanted to bring France back to its roots from pre-French Rev monarchial absolutism, leading to widespread unrest and the eventual overthrow of his government in favor of a constitutional monarchy under Louis-Philippe. This revolution marked a significant moment in the struggle for liberal democracy in France.

France (Rev of 1848)

• Louis Philippe is making liberals mad with his conservative order

• There is a lot of rebellion, + he eventually leaves the throne

• provisional gov takes over and gives liberal reforms

• Then, Little Napoleon takes power in a coup, leading to the establishment of the Second French Republic after the revolution.

Hait (Rev of 1848)

• inspired by Nationalism

• fights and wins indepedence from France

Liberalism

A political ideology advocating for individual freedoms, representative government, and the protection of civil rights, often in opposition to absolute monarchy and authoritarian rule.

Chartisism

• universal male sufferage (voting rights) no matter the class

Socialism

• societies means of production should be owened by the community not private individuals

• Socialism is an economic and political system in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned or regulated by the community as a whole, aiming to achieve greater social and economic equality.

Karl Marx

• author of the Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 that outlines the principles of communism, advocating for the working class to rise against capitalist societies

• religion was a tool of control

• Bourgeoise had to much power and were exploiting the peasants

How does Socialism, Communism, and Marxism relate?

• Socialism is an economic system advocating for community ownership of production,

• Communism is the implementation

• Marxism (strand of socialism) provides the theoretical framework, emphasizing class struggle and historical materialism as a basis for understanding societal change.

What was the trend of the mass-based parties?

• more people voting and having opinions

• a rise in political engagement and the formation of parties representing the interests of the working class.

Sunday School Movement

A social reform effort in the 19th century aimed at providing education and moral guidance to working-class children, often held on Sundays, to promote literacy and religious values.

Gov Reform programs during the 19th Century

• pre industrial rev- people wanted “Laiz-Faire” and no government intervention

  • new problems with overcrowding, crime, and urbanization called for gov liberal reforms and an interventionist government

What were some of the governemnt reform programs

• water sanitation and sewers

• police forces

• better prisons w employment and education

• housing regulations and labor laws

What were the reforms regarding education

In the 19th century, educational reforms included the establishment of public schools, increasing access to education for all children

• kept kids off the streets and raised a more intellectual classand improved literacy rates across urban areas.