Epidemiology Flashcards

Flashcards on Epidemiology and Risk Assessment

Epidemiologic Thinking

Epidemiologic thinking involves calculating a ratio of numerator divided by denominator over time.

GATE Frame

A common design feature used to frame epidemiological studies.

Incidence & Prevalence

Measures of dis-ease frequency include incidence and prevalence, often used in cross-sectional studies.

Risk Ratios & Risk Differences

Quantifies the dis-ease in two populations.

Non-Random Error (Bias)

A type of error in epidemiological studies related to measurement inaccuracies (incorrect measurements).

Random Error

Error in studies that affect measurement.

Measures of Association

Measures that helps to quantify the strength of the association between exposure and outcome.

Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)

Trial where participants are randomly assigned to different groups.

Exposure Group (EG)

Group that is exposed to the treatment or intervention being studied.

Comparison Group (CG)

Group that does not receive the treatment/intervention in a study.

Outcomes (O)

The event or condition being measured or assessed in a study.

Time (T)

The duration over which participants are observed or followed up in a study.

EGO - Exposed Group Occurrence

Occurrence of disease/event in the exposure group.

CGO - Comparison Group Occurrence

Occurrence of disease/event in the control group

Risk Difference (RD)

Difference in disease occurrence between the exposed and unexposed groups (EGO - CGO).

Risk Ratio (RR)

Ratio of the risk in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group (EGO ÷ CGO).

Relative Risk

Another term for Risk Ratio.

Risk Difference when EGO = CGO

If EGO (treated risk) = CGO (untreated risk), the Risk Difference is 0.

Risk Ratio when EGO = CGO

If EGO (treated risk) = CGO (untreated risk), the Risk Ratio is 1.

Risk Difference Units

Risk Difference has units, RD = EGO – CGO.

Risk Ratio Units

Risk Ratio has no units, RR = EGO/ CGO

Absolute Risk Difference

Alternative term for Risk Difference.

Relative Risk

An alternative term for Risk Ratio (RR).

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

If the Relative Risk (RR) is less than 1, it can also be expressed this.

Relative Risk Increase (RRI)

If the RR = 1.33, then the RRI = 33%