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The state of equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere, maintained by the buoyancy of the lithosphere.

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1

The state of equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere, maintained by the buoyancy of the lithosphere.

Isostasy

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2

First discovered isostasy and observed reduced deflection of plumb lines in the Andes.

George Everest

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3

The depth at which the weight of the crust is balanced by the buoyancy of the mantle.

Compensation depth

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4

The part of the crust directly beneath a mountain that extends deep into the mantle and has lower density, preventing sinking.

Root zone

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5

A model of isostasy that assumes the crust of constant density floats on a denser mantle, with higher elevation corresponding to deeper roots.

Airy-Heiskanen Model

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6

A model of isostasy that assumes topography varies inversely to density, with higher elevation corresponding to lower density of rocks.

Pratty-Hayford Model

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7

A model of isostasy that explains isostatic compensation as a regional phenomenon, with the crust behaving as an elastic material that bends downward due to topographic load.

Vening Meinesz Elastic Plate Model

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8

The process by which the lithosphere floats back to its original position after being pushed down by mountains or other features.

Isostatic rebound

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9

Uplift caused by a lowering of elevation after erosion of a mountain, resulting in a deeper root zone.

Overcompensation

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10

Subsidence caused by an increase in elevation due to additional load, resulting in a shallower root zone.

Undercompensation

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11

The angle formed between the magnetic north of a compass and the true geographical north.

Magnetic Declination

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12

Points on the Earth's surface with a common magnetic declination value.

Isogonic lines

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13

The angle formed between the Earth's surface and the planet's magnetic lines.

Magnetic Inclination

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14

The location with zero magnetic dip, present at the equator.

Aclinic line

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15

Property of materials that are repelled by a magnetic field, with all electron spins paired.

Diamagnetism

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16

Property of materials that are weakly attracted by a magnetic field, due to the presence of unpaired electrons.

Paramagnetism

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17

Property of materials that become magnetized and remain magnetized, with atomic magnetic moments parallel to the external magnetic field.

Ferromagnetism

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18

Property of materials with spins pointing in opposite directions, which may exist at low temperatures but vanishes at and above the NĆ©el temperature.

Antiferromagnetism

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19

Property of materials where the magnetic moments are unequal in magnitude, resulting in a spontaneous magnetization.

Ferrimagnetism

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20

The difference between the measured magnetic field of the Earth and that which would be expected from the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF).

Magnetic anomaly

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21

The alignment of minerals in the current magnetic field.

Induced magnetization

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22

The magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material after an external magnetic field is removed.

Remanence

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23

The ratio of the intensity of induced magnetization to that of remanent magnetization.

Kƶnigsberger ratio (Qn)

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24

A magnetometer composed of nickel-iron alloys that measures the strength of the magnetic field along its axis.

Flux-gate magnetometer

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25

A magnetometer that measures the frequency of precession of protons in a proton-rich liquid, proportional to the Earth's magnetic field.

Proton-precession magnetometer (PPM)

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26

A magnetometer that utilizes the Zeeman effect in vapors of alkali elements to measure the strength of the magnetic field.

Absorption-cell magnetometer

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