APUSH - Period 8 part 2 IDs

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Massive Resistance

A campaign from Southern leaders and groups against the desegregation of public schools following the Brown v. Board of Education ruling.

Southern Manifesto

A document written in 1956 that resisted the desegregation of public schools and was signed by many Southern politicians.

Citizen Councils

Organizations founded in the 1950s to oppose desegregation and maintain white supremacy.

Prince Edward County, Virginia

The site of a significant school closure in response to desegregation efforts, resulting in the denial of education to black students.

Little Rock Nine

A group of nine African American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, facing severe opposition.

self-purification

A strategy used by civil rights activists to prepare themselves emotionally and spiritually for nonviolent protest.

Emmett Till

A 14-year-old African American boy whose brutal murder in 1955 became a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.

Lyndon Johnson’s talents

His ability to negotiate, persuade, and utilize political connections to implement social reforms.

Barry Goldwater

A conservative politician who ran for president in 1964, representing a shift towards right-leaning politics.

Modern conservative movement in politics

A political movement characterized by advocacy for limited government, free markets, and traditional social values.

Great Society

A series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

1964 Economic Opportunity Act

Legislation aimed at promoting job training, education, and anti-poverty measures.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

War on Poverty

A set of programs initiated by President Johnson aimed at reducing poverty in the United States.

VISTA

Volunteers in Service to America, a national service program designed to alleviate poverty.

Conservatives v. Liberals in 1960’s

A political divide during the 1960s characterized by differing views on civil rights, government intervention, and social change.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in voting, ensuring the right to vote for all citizens.

Immigration Act of 1965

Reformed immigration policy, eliminating quotas based on national origin, promoting family reunification.

Medicare/Medicaid

Federal programs established under the Great Society that provide healthcare to the elderly and low-income individuals, respectively.

LBJ’s vision of freedom and equality

Lyndon B. Johnson's belief in achieving racial equality and economic opportunity for all Americans.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

A prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A 1955-56 protest against racial segregation on the public transit system in Montgomery, Alabama.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization founded to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action for civil rights.

Sit-ins

Nonviolent protests where individuals seated themselves at segregated establishments to demand service.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a civil rights group formed to support young people in the struggle for civil rights.

Freedom Riders

Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to challenge illegal bus segregation.

Birmingham Campaign

A strategic movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr. aimed at ending segregation in Birmingham, Alabama.

Medgar Evers

A civil rights activist and NAACP leader who was assassinated in 1963, becoming a symbol of the struggle for equality.

Selma March

A series of marches to protest voter suppression, culminating in a march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965.

Watts Riots

A violent racial uprising in Los Angeles in 1965 sparked by issues of police brutality and systemic racism.

Kerner Commission

A commission established to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States.

Black power

A political and social movement advocating for racial pride, economic empowerment, and the liberation of the African American community.

Black nationalism

A political and social movement that seeks to promote the interests and culture of black people.

Malcolm X

A prominent civil rights activist who advocated for black empowerment and was known for his more militant approach.

Nation of Islam

A religious movement that combined elements of Islam with a unique black nationalist agenda.

Stokely Carmichael

A civil rights activist known for coining the term 'Black Power' and for his leadership in the SNCC.

Huey Newton/Eldridge Cleaver/Bobby Seale

Founding members of the Black Panther Party, advocating for civil rights and community support.

Black Panthers

A political organization founded in 1966 to monitor police behavior and challenge police brutality against the African American community.

Difference in civil rights from 1950-1964 to 1964-1970

The earlier period focused on legal challenges and nonviolent protests, while the later period emphasized more radical approaches and empowerment.

Changing of freedom movement

The evolution of civil rights activism towards a broader focus on social justice, economic issues, and empowerment.

Legacy of containment

The policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism, influencing U.S. foreign and domestic policy during the Cold War.

Ho Chi Minh

The communist revolutionary leader of North Vietnam, who opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 legislation that gave President Johnson the authority to use military force in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war.

Vietcong

The communist guerrilla force that fought against the South Vietnamese government and U.S. forces.

Tet Offensive

A massive surprise attack by North Vietnamese forces on South Vietnam in 1968, marking a turning point in public opinion about the Vietnam War.

Anti-War Movement

A social movement that opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, gaining momentum throughout the 1960s.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

A student-led organization that was central to the anti-war movement and broader social activism.

Free Speech Movement

A student movement at the University of California, Berkeley, advocating for free speech and against the limits on political activity.

Port Huron statement

A manifesto of the SDS that outlined their beliefs and goals for a more inclusive democracy.

Draft Protest

Demonstrations against military conscription, particularly during the Vietnam War era.

Counterculture

A cultural movement in the 1960s that rejected traditional values and embraced alternative lifestyles.

1868 Democratic National Convention

A significant political event where the Democratic Party struggled with issues related to Reconstruction and civil rights.

Eugene McCarthy

A politician and anti-war activist known for his challenge to Lyndon Johnson's presidency during the Vietnam War.

Robert F. Kennedy

A politician and civil rights advocate who was assassinated in 1968 while campaigning for the presidency.

Hubert Humphrey

Vice President under Lyndon Johnson and Democratic presidential nominee in 1968.

Richard Nixon

The 37th President of the United States who implemented the policy of Vietnamization and opened relations with China.

George Wallace/American Independent Party

A pro-segregation politician who ran for president in 1968, representing a backlash against civil rights advancements.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy of gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam while increasing South Vietnamese military capability.

My Lai Massacre

A horrific event during the Vietnam War where U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians.

Kent State Massacre

A 1970 incident where National Guardsmen shot and killed four student protesters during a Vietnam War demonstration.

Pentagon Papers

Secret documents released in 1971 that revealed government deception about the Vietnam War.

New Left

A political movement in the 1960s that sought to address social issues beyond traditional leftist concerns.

“Death and Life of Great American Cities”

A book by urban activist Jane Jacobs that critiques urban planning policies and advocates for community-centric development.