Zool 110 Lecture: Understanding Human and Avian Respiration (Week 6)

problem of respiration

O2 is used for cellular metabolism, which produces CO2 (how do we remove CO2 and get O2 in?)

air, water

diffusion is fast in ____ it is slow in _____

very small animals

what kind of animals can rely on body surface for O2 intake

larger animals

what kind of animals need specialized respiratory organs

respiration by diffusion

direct diffusion of gases between organism and environment (seen in single celled eukaryotes, sponges, cnidiarians, flatworms)

surface area, mass

increase of _____ relative to _____ enables multicellular animals to use diffusion

gills, tracheae, and lungs

what are the three types of respiratory organs

gills

evagination of the body

lung

invagination of the body

the digestion tract

what tract are lungs an outgrowth of

circulatory system

gills and lungs need to be coupled with a _____ to work

tracheae

in insects air reaches internal parts through tubes called the _____

spiracles

openings in the abdomen of an insect that are used for breathing

hemocoel

capillaries in humans are similar to what in insects

open

do insects have an open or closed circulatory system

flow of blood in insects

heart, arteries, hemocoel, veins, heart

external gills

evaginated from the body and project directly into the environmental medium

internal gills

Gills enclosed in protective body cavities; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes

concurrent exchange

When blood flows along the respiratory surface in the same direction as the respiratory medium

countercurrent exchange

the transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

ventilation of fish gills

continuous one way flow of water, countercurrent exchange

buccal pumping

1. open mouth to let water in, gills closed 2. close mouth and open gills to flush water out

ram ventilation

method of opening the mouth and swimming forward

lungs

internal vascularized cavity (snails, slugs spiders, vertebrates)

ventilation of amphibian lungs

buccal force pump, brief period of apnea

cutaneous respiration (diffusion)

supplements gills or lungs in large animals such as amphibians and fishes

ventilation of lungs using negative pressure

diaphragm is pulled down, opening thoracic cavity and driving lung expansion

aspiration

negative pressure (amniotes)

increase of CO2 in the body

what tells the brain to take a breath in

inspiration vs aspiration diagram

pathway of air into human lungs

external nares, nasal cavities, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli

specialized one way respiratory system of birds

adapted for high metabolic demands of flight, parabronchi instead of alveoli, and nine interconnecting air sacs, enable continuous air flow

respiratory pigments

proteins in blood cells that carry O2 and CO2

hemoglobin

most common respiratory pigment, RED, iron containing protein, in all vertebrates and many invertebrates

hemocyanin

type of respiratory pigment, BLUE, copper containing protein, found in crustaceans and most molluscs