gbio 107 final exam: Nancy higginbotham, Biology 107. Exam 1. SELU. Higginbotham., Gbio 107 exam 3 Southeastern Louisiana University, Test Four Nancy Higginbotham Bio 107, Gbio 107 Exam 2

ecology is the study of:

interactions, processes, and influence distribution & abundance, among organisms

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem such as plants & animals

abiotic factors

nonliving parts of an ecosystem

behavioral ecology

study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

innate behavior

an instinctive behavior done without prompting

habituate behavior

exposed to the same stimuli and eventually quit reacting (unlearn a response)

conditioning behavior

behavior associated with a certain signal

operant conditioning

learning based on the positive consequences
(reward for good behavior)

aversive conditioning

learning based on negative consequences
(least effective)

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

prepared learning

learning through observations

imprinting

learning process in early life which is crucial for survival for that animal
(zebra imprinting image of mother's stripes)

cognitive behavior

learned behavior that involves thinking, reasoning, and information processing

all behaviors can be modified by...

life

behaviors are tied to

genetics and natural selection/evolution

habitat selection behavior

the set of behaviors to obtain living habitats

foraging behavior

the set of behaviors to obtain food

all behaviors have a

cost/benefit analysis

what is the ultimate payoff ?

reproduction

mating behavior

seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates, competing for mates, and caring for offspring

mating system

general pattern by which males and females mate

monogamy

one male and one female

polygamy

multiple pair bonds

polygyny

one male, multiple females (harem)

polyandry

one female, several males (reverse sexual dimorphism)

when do you see polyandry?

predation levels are high

Promiscuity

having sex with a number of partners without commitment
common in reptiles

what are leks?

perform courtship displays

social behavior

any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species

what are the two patterns of social behavior

solitary and colonial

solitary social system

spend most of their time alone , overlapping with others for reproduction purposes

colonial social system

spend most of their life with a pack or group, more protection

altruistic

unselfish, an act that hurts the individual and helps another

selfish acts

action towards others that hurts and helps oneself

cooperative acts

actions that help oneself and others

human behaviors

cultural beliefs and morals

population ecology

The study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.

how do biologists track animals?

mark & recapture
wing beads
pellet counts/track counts
vocal counts
growth curve

limiting factors

Conditions in the environment that put limits on where an organism can live

carrying capacity

how much a population can support

density dependent factors

factor that limits a population more as population density increases

density independent limiting factors

weather, natural disasters, human activity

survivorship

the percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age

community

all populations of any given species that interact in a given area

niche

all resources a species uses for survival, growth , and reproduction

competitive exclusion principle

two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche

resource partioning

multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or different time

commensalism

a type of symbiosis in which one species benefits but the other in not effected

parasitism

one species acquires resources at the expense of a living host

species richness

the number of species in a community

relative abundance

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

succession

the gradual change from one community to another community in an area

primary succession

occurs in an area where no communities previously existed

consumer (heterotroph)

obtain energy by producers or consumers

producer (autotroph)

organisms that make their own food

detritus

dead tissue and organic waste

keystone species

a species that influences the survival of the community

Creationism

What everyone believed before evolution
God created all things at one time and they have never changed
All things were perfect

"Chain of being"

everything was created by God and we are all linked together in one chain

"latter of nature"

progression of lower to higher life form

Exploration

naturalist exploring and finding new things, instead of answers they had more questions

biogeography

came up with by exploration; Study of organisms globally. It looks at frequencies in the distribution of species globally.

comparative morphology

looks at the similarities and differences of the body plans

Discovery of fossils

anything preserved in sediment; as they start looking ahh these they notice layers

extinction

this was what got people thinking new ideas; when certain things don't exist in other layers

Catastrophism, inheritance of acquired characteristics, uniformitarianism, social/cultural revolution

Ideas of pre-evolution

catastrophism

cuvier (study fossils, world was only thought to be 6,000 years old) God created all things at one time, then huge catastrophes wiped out some of the species and only survivors are modern day species

Agassie

says god created new species after each catastrophe

LeClerc

says the survivors of the catastrophes changed over time by natural processes

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Lemarckism)

"use it or loose it"- if you use a body part continuously you can change it and pass it on to the next generation, if you don't use it at all-you lose it

Uniformitarianism

(earth is millions of years old) geology layers are not formed by catastrophes alone, it is normal every day, seasonal, yearly process; the earth is not uniform

Social/Cultural Revolution

Thomas Malthus- because resources are limited, there's competition for resources. Only the people with resources survive.

Charles Darwin

wrote Origins of the Species, father of evolution, takes a 5 year boat ride around the world. Naturalist (biologist)

Desecent by Modification

each generation is slightly different from the one before, overtime this means huge changes

Evolution by natural selection

What idea did Darwin's Origin of the species leave?

Theory of Evolution

Obs 1: potential for rapid reproduction in a pop
Obs 2: amount of resources and size of pop tends to remain stable year after year
Conc 1: survival differential exist. not every individual will survive. compete for food
Obs 3: variations exist-among same species- some of the variations enable to survive better
Conc 2: survivors leave more offspring due to variations
Obs 4: inheritance of variations. variations are passed on

Natural selection

Big conclusion?

Natural Selection

The individual best suited to it's environment due to it's variations survives to reproduce therefore passing on it's "good" variations therefore changing the overall population overtime to have more "good" variations.

survival of the fittest

The one who adapts the best to the environment survives

Adaptations

the characteristics that enable and organism to survive in its environment, heritable traits.

Physical Traits

morphological, physiological, behavioral-shape and size and color

False

Long term adaptations happen in individuals

True

Evolution does not happen in individuals, only populations

Gene

stretches of DNA, codes for traits

Allele

Alternate form of a gene (B,b)

Genotype

Trait possibilities (BB,Bb,bb,bB)

Phenotype

What it actually looks like

Population

A group of same species living in 1 defined area

Population Genetics

Tracking frequencies + distributions of alleles in a population

Gene Pool

Sum of all the alleles in a population

Allele differences

crossing over
random alignment=diff combos
mutations
fertilization

Mutations

new alleles

Crossing over

Meiosis 1; don't always line up the same

Random Alignment

Meiosis 1; Trait A from mom and B from dad

Fertilization

random egg + random sperm

microevolution

small scale changes in allele frequencies in a pop over time

Hardy-Weinburg Principle

they were trying to prove a pop stays the same or stays at a genetic equilibrium (no allele frequencies change); no evolution

no mutations
total random mating
no gene flow
no natural selection
pop size must be large

5 conditions for Hardy principle to work (no evolution)

causes of evolution

Mutations
Gene flow
genetic drift and pop size
non random mating
natural selection

mutations

connot control them, something goes wrong in DNA. They are accidental and rare. can be good/bad/have no affect at all. This by itself is not evolution, but without this there is no evolution.