ARCH 2040 Unit 3

Montichello

agricultural estate in virginia by Thomas jefferson- use of poche (wall thickness) around bedroom and study

poche

dark part of architectural plan showing wall thickness

mount vernon estate

george washington's home, horrible conditions for enslaved persons, Mansion house farm was the largest

jobie hill did what?

iowa architect, said slave houses are just as sacred as any other house, says slave homes embody simultaneous suffering and resilliance of family bonds

robert owen was...?

welsh factory owner, wanted collectivized housing, no private property, invests his fortune in a socialist colony in ner harmony

charles fourier

his own socialism- concept of plalanx: where likeminded people who live and work together live in a phalanstry, which functions as a small city, celebrates women's independence and open relationships

jean baptieste andre godin

his own idea of a phalanstry called a Familistere

King camp Gillette

inventor of saftey razor, publishes The Human Drift- human progress depends on architectural progress

bourgeois apartment building

responds to new bourgeois lifestyles and daily rituals- can accomedate more people, unified streetfronts

ringtrasse

area for blocks of apartments and sites for modern insitutions , introduces modern area between historic city and what surrounds it- historic styles that convey about their functions, gentrification of city core

places that had ringtrasse

vienna

ringtrasse idea in berlin (and how it went wrong)

create apartment blocks w/ courtyards and green spaces, but it practiced mietkaserne for the working class, which let slums arise behind the building types

Tenement

large building with multiple small spaces to rent; in the 19th c with increased urban density, poor living conditions and poor sanitation, gain a reputation of slums, late 19th c ⅔ of NYC lives in tenements

Characteristics of tenements

5 or 6-story rectangular buildings, internal rooms with no direct daylight or air, no services, thin partition walls, large family lived in one room, usually unadorned brick façades

Jacob Riis wrote what?

photographic essay “How the Other Half Lives” about tenements and terrible conditions

Row house

One of a group of low-rise residential buildings that shares one or both side walls and a roofline with the structures next door

By 1900, ___ percent of English population lives in row houses

87

Townhouse

like a row house, but not necessarily one of several identical houses in a row

Brownstone

a row house or townhouse faced in brownstone (a reddish-brown sandstone popular as a building material in the 19th c) – terminology frequently used in New York boroughs

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Catharine Beecher wrote

Treatise on Domestic Economy

Catharine Beecher wanted to empower women by

elimination of unnecessary labor, saw women's role in the house as an equal to a man's at work, came up with ideas for: moveable screens for a more flexible interior space, a new ventilation system to replace the fireplace , innovative forms of technology for the house
Also designed her optimal house plan from the American Woman's home

John Ruskin (recap)

sees Gothic revival as a program of social reform
Medieval architecture as ethically superior
Dignity of labor
Emphasis on craftsmanship – return to medieval craft
Condemns classicism as unnatural, pagan, unenjoyable, impious
Champions structural honesty
Ornament integrated with structure and always made visible
His ideas and writing will inspire the Arts and Crafts movement

arts and crafts movement

Critique of industry, mechanization, and the division of labor
Emphasis on the dignity of labor and craftsmanship
Healthy design and healthy work result in a healthy nation
The movement is popular mostly in England and North America.

Gustav Stickley did and wrote what

establishes a furniture company and publishes The
Craftsman magazine (1901-1916) – spreads ideas and styles of the Arts and Crafts movement across America

Elbert Hubbard

inspired by The Craftsman magazine –
creates the Roycrofters Guild in upstate New York – produces versions of Craftsman furniture and writings

Frank Lloyd Wright

Inspired by The Craftsman magazine and used its ethics in his early
projects

Name and architect?

House and studio, oak park
Frank Lloyd wright

name, architect, significance

The Larkin Company Administration Building, Buffalo (mail order soap company), Frank Lloyd wright
revolutionized the office type: non-oppressive work environment, open plan, radiant floor heating, air conditioning, steel furniture, central atrium with natural light; services and circulation tucked in the corners; organ for noontime recitals

name architect significance

Unity Temple, Frank Lloyd Wright, used reinforced concrete

name architect significance

Robie House Hyde Park, chicago
Frank Lloyd Wright
Tight urban site – house protected from the street by wide
projecting eaves (concealed steel joists sustain the cantilever)
Light screens replace ordinary windows
Flowing interior spaces revolve around the central hearth
Craftsman details: wooden ceilings, built-in furniture

Marion Mahony Griffin

Second woman architect to graduate from MIT (1894).
First licensed woman architect in Illinois.
In Chicago, she is Frank Lloyd Wright’s first employee.
Creates many of the drawings and watercolors that FLW is credited
for.

Irving Gill

develops an abstract language of flat-roofed buildings with planar façades and long windows

name, architect, significance

the dodge house
Irving Gill
combines the emerging modern language with Craftsman-inspired details:
Exterior: cascade of abstract, simple volumes
Interior: Craftsman-inspired built-in furniture, decorated fireplaces

name, architect significance

First Church of Christ Scientist, Bernard Maybeck, combines elements of Craftsman vernacular, Japanese-style trellises, Gothic tracery
and reinforced concrete construction

Julia Morgan

Maybeck’s student and collaborates with him at the outset of
her career
 Completes her education at the Beaux-Arts in Paris – first
woman to be admitted to and graduate from the program
 First woman architect licensed in California
 Also trained as an engineer
 Prolific career in California (over 700 buildings)

name architect

bear house, Julia Morgan

name architect significance

Hearst Castle, Julia Morgan, Eclectic style: twin bell towers inspired by Spanish Baroque churches
 Inside: reproductions of a French Renaissance hall, an Italian dodge’s
salon, a Gothic hall
 Morgan directly supervises the craftspeople and the execution of
details on the construction site

art nouveau

emerges as alternative to beauxs arts classicism and revival styles- wants to break from historical styles inspiration from nature, and characterized by geometry - ABSORBS REGIONAL FEATURES

hector guimard

art nouveau, designs paris metro stations in botanical manner

otto wagner

art nouveau - says that architecture of the future will be based on utility alone, designs metro system in austria

joseph maria olbrich

art nouveau, wagner's assistant, designs secesson house

joze plecnik

art nouveau, designs the national library in solvenia, which has eccentric details

modernisme

strongest regional variation of art nouveau, in barcelona,
main figure is Antoni Gaudi

Antoni Guadi

first comission is Sagrada familia, which he works on for his entire life,
park guell, a garden city like suburb- comission from a cement factory owner, where he experiments with reinforced concrete and and roof terrace of the market hall

casa batllo

Guadi's rennovation of a townhouse in downtown barcenona

casa mila

looks amorphic, no right angles

Adolf Loos writes

Ornament and Crime- criticises art nouveau and its ornamentation- his own houses are reduced to white boxes and few features

Frank Lloyd Wright post great depression

becomes interested in affordable housing- calls them usonian houses- detatchable houses, affordable, emphasize american individualism

Falling water

FLW, integrates with nature

Le Corbusier’s Urban Visions

Develops an ideal vision of society based on collective solutions for
urbanism and planning- First ideas explored in the Esprit Nouveau Pavilion

Esprit Nouveau Pavilion

by Le Corb, Full scale mock-up of his ideal apartment-villa
•Modernist vision of a monk’s cell
•L-shaped unit – double-height living space and a double-height
terrace
•Prototype intended to fit into 12-story blocks set around a park-
sized central court

Le Corbusier: Early Work

influenced by the Arts and Crafts
movement and Art Nouveau – with his friends, they
design and build a cabin the mountains – Villa Falet:
rusticated stone, plaster, and wood – appears the
antithesis of Modernism.
 Never had a formal architecture education.
 1916: moves to France

Le Corbusier: Early Education and Influences

Writers
 John Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc
Architects
 Owen Jones, The Grammar of Ornament, 1856
 August Perret, Paris (25, Rue Franklin
Apartments)
 Peter Behrens, Berlin (AEG Factory)
 Tony Garnier, Lyon (The Industrial City)
Travels
 Carthusian Monastery La Certosa, Galluzzo, (Italy)
 Pantheon (Rome)
 1911: Journey to the East (Eastern Europe,
Greece, Turkey)
Machines
 Airplanes
 Cars
 Steamships
 Silos,factories
African art and vernacular architecture- Masonry screens invernacular North-African architecture
inspire LC’s sun-beakers [brise-soleil] or “architectural veil”
(solar shading)

Le Corb and painter Amedee Ozenfant do what?

formulate the movement called Purism and found the
journal L’Esprit Nouveau (The New Spirit)

Purist Manifesto

Purism does not intend to be a scientific art, which it is in no sense.
 Cubism has become a decorative art of romantic ornamentism.
 There is a hierarchy in the arts: decorative art is at the base, the human figure at the
summit.
 Painting is as good as the intrinsic qualities of its plastic elements, not their representative
or narrative possibilities.
 Purism wants to conceive clearly, execute loyally, exactly without deceits; it abandons
troubled conceptions, summary or bristling executions. A serious art must banish all
techniques not faithful to the real value of the conception.
 Art consists in the conception before anything else.
 Technique is only a tool, humbly at the service of the conception.
 Purism fears the bizarre and the original. It seeks the pure element in order to reconstruct
organized paintings that seem to be facts from nature herself.
 The method must be sure enough not to hinder the conception.
 Purism does not believe that returning to nature signifies the copying of nature.

Le Corbusier and the “machine for living”

Prototypefor mass produced housing
 Open floor plan
 Structure: Concrete slabs supported by grid of
columns
 Columns recessed from the wall planes – plan
resembles a domino token
 Antithesis to masonry construction
 Eliminates load-bearing walls
 Freedom to design the façade
 Flexibilityin organizing the plan
 Eliminates pitched roofs, hence the possibility to
have a rooftop garden
 Becomes the model for his design manifesto “Five
Points of a New Architecture” (1926)

Open floor plan

flexible plan configuration facilitated
by the use of structural columns instead of load-
bearing walls.

Architectural promenade

the experience of a building or urban space along a carefully
designed and orchestrated “itinerary” [inspired by the promenade on the Acropolis,
which LC had visited during his voyages]

Five Points of a New Architecture

by Le Corb-
-the supports
-the roof gardens
-the free designing of the ground here
-the horizontal window
-free design of the facade

Le Corbusier, Villa Roche

Residential +art galleryfor Swiss banker Raoul La Roche’s
collection of avant-garde art
 Programs linked through the spatial experience of the
“architectural promenade”
 Wall openings + stairs + ramps + balconies
 White façade + color used for the interior walls
 Dynamic perception of space through movement

Le Corbusier + Pierre Jeanneret, Weissenhof-Siedlung Houses 14 + 15,
Stuttgart,

Weissenhof-Siedlung Estate, collection of prototypes
for affordable housing (1927)
 LC’s projects embody his 5 points for a new architecture
 A key innovation of the building was the transformable open living
space that could be subdivided into multiple sleeping compartments
with sliding partitions; similarly, beds would slide out of large built-in
closets.

Vers une architecture was written by

Le Corb

Le Corbusier in the United States

Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University, Central ramp – “Architectural promenade” – runs through the center
of the building
•Raw concrete
•Angled sun-breakers [influence of vernacular African architecture]
•The five levels of the building function as open and flexible working
spaces for painting, photography, drawing, mixed media and
sculpture, and the ramp through the heart of the building encourages
public circulation and provides views into the studios, making the
creative process visible through the building design