AP Euro Unit 2 (Renaissance, Hundred Years War, Black Death, Crisis in the Church, Northern Renaissance, New Monarchs)

The Black Death

Bubonic plague that killed almost 30 million people all across the world

What years did the Black Death last?

1348-1353

What were the effects of the plague?

The plague led to significant social upheaval, including a decline in the population, which resulted in labor shortages, the weakening of the feudal system, and changes in social structures as survivors sought better wages and living conditions.

Who was blamed for the plague?

The Jewish population

What years did the Hundred Year’s War last?

1337-1453

Cause of Hundred Years’ War

Conflict between England and France over control of the French crown and the province of Aquitaine

Results of Hundred Years’ War?

Loss of life, France destroyed, breakdown of social order, stimulates development of English Parliament, led to war of roses.

War of the Roses years

1455-1485

What was the cause of Wars of the Roses?

English families Lancaster and York fight over control of the throne

How did the War of Roses end?

The families joined together through marriage, Tudor dynasty is created

When did Pope Boniface VII issue the Unam Sanctum?

1302

What was the Unam Sanctum?

A papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII asserting the supremacy of the spiritual authority over temporal authority, declaring that all Christians were subject to the pope.

What happens to Boniface VII?

He is captured and kidnapped by the French, lives in Avignon

What leads to the Great Schism of the West?

Three popes claiming the right to the papacy, people do not know who to trust.

John Wycliffe and John Huss

Reformers who criticized the Church, advocating for scripture's authority and questioning papal power.

The Conciliar Movement

A reform movement in the Catholic Church during the 14th and 15th centuries that aimed to resolve the Great Schism by establishing a general council to make decisions on church matters and promote reforms.

When was the Council of Pisa?

1409

What was the council of Pisa?

A meeting of cardinals aimed at resolving the Great Schism, resulting in the election of a third pope.

When was the Council of Constance?

1414 to 1418

What was the council of Constance?

A church council that addressed the Great Schism, resolved issues of heresy, and resulted in the election of Pope Martin V.

What are the French Gallican Liberties?

A set of principles that asserted the independence of the French Church from papal authority, emphasizing the rights of the French monarchy over ecclesiastical matters.

What period is the Renaissance in?

1350-1600

Where did the Renaissance start?

The Renaissance began in Italy and was active in Florence and Rome

Individualism

The Renaissance idea that the individual was worth value and its achievements should be admired. Values started to stray from focusing on the afterlife to accomplishment in this life.

Humanism

Literary Movement that valued classical texts of the Greeks and Romans. Sought to find a credible source outside the church teachings

Secularism

Separating religion from political, social, and other matters of life.

What was the Northern Renaissance

A form of the Italian Renaissance that focused on Christianity

Mysticism

Idea that an individual can be in direct relation with god through meditation and prayer without the church

Lay Religion

Religious thinkers and individuals that were apart from the church structure

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Dutch Theologian who wrote Praise of Folly and Handbook of a Christian knight, criticized church corruptions through satire.

Erasmian Virtues

Tolerance, Restraint, manners, and scholarly understanding

Praise of Folly

Erasmus criticizing worldly claims and ambitions

Goal of new monarchies

To create an organized and structure form of power consolidated under one sovereign leader

Who supported new monarchies the most?

Middle class

First new monarch in England

Tudor Dynasty: Henry VII

Who married into the York family to end the war of roses?

Henry VII

Who created the star chamber

Henry VII

What was a result of new monarchies?

Guaranteed law, order, peace, and control of middle class and nobility

common law

Laws passed enforcing king’s supremacy and applying laws to everyone

Concordat of Bologna

Agreement allowing King Francis I to appoint bishops and gave monarchy control of French clergy

Moriscos

Muslim converts to Catholicism

Maranos

Jewish converts to Catholicism

First French Monarch

Louis XI

2nd French monarch

Frances I

1st and 2nd HRE Emporer

Maxiilian I and Charles V