An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - Video Notes Flashcards

A set of 150 vocabulary-style flashcards covering key concepts from the anatomy and physiology notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body—the arrangement and parts of its components.

Physiology

The science of how body parts function and interact.

Integrated Anatomy and Physiology

An approach that combines anatomy and physiology across different levels of organization.

Gross anatomy

The study of large, visible structures.

Surface anatomy

Exterior features and landmarks of the body.

Regional anatomy

Anatomy-by-region; studying all structures in a body area.

Systemic anatomy

Anatomy by organ systems.

Developmental anatomy

From conception to death; development of form.

Clinical anatomy

Anatomy relevant to medical practice.

Microscopic anatomy

Study of cells and tissues with a microscope.

Cytology

Study of cells and their structures.

Histology

Study of tissues.

Cell physiology

Processes within and between cells.

Special physiology

Functions of specific organs.

Systemic physiology

Functions of organ systems.

Pathological physiology

Effects of diseases on body functions.

Chemical level

Atoms and molecules; the simplest level of organization.

Atoms

The smallest units of matter.

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Cellular level

Cells; the basic units of life.

Cells

Units of structure and function in living beings.

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells forming tissues.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells with a common function.

Organ level

Organs made of different tissues working together.

Organs

Structures composed of two or more tissue types.

Organ system level

Linked organs forming a system.

Organ systems

Two or more organs that cooperate.

Organismal level

A human being; an individual organism.

Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and tissue building.

Oxygen

Essential for ATP production in cells.

Water

Most abundant body chemical; medium for reactions.

Atmospheric pressure

Air pressure necessary for breathing and gas exchange.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Receptor

Structure that detects a change in the internal or external environment.

Control center

Processes the signal and determines the appropriate response.

Effector

Carries out the response to restore balance.

Negative feedback

Effector response reduces the stimulus and maintains homeostasis.

Positive feedback

Response increases the change, often until a process completes.

Anatomical position

Standard reference position: standing, facing observer, feet flat, palms forward.

Superior

Toward the head; upper part.

Inferior

Toward the feet; lower part.

Anterior

Toward the front (ventral).

Posterior

Toward the back (dorsal).

Medial

Towards the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline; toward the sides.

Proximal

Nearer to the attachment or trunk.

Distal

Farther from the attachment or trunk.

Superficial

Nearer the body surface.

Deep

Away from the body surface; deeper.

Frontal plane

Divides front and back (anterior vs posterior).

Sagittal plane

Divides left and right; midsagittal if equal.

Transverse plane

Divides superior and inferior.

Oblique plane

Any plane not parallel to the others.

Frontal section

A cut along the frontal plane.

Midsagittal section

A cut along the sagittal plane into equal halves.

Right upper quadrant

Abdominopelvic quadrant containing parts of liver and nearby structures.

Left upper quadrant

Quadrant containing stomach and spleen regions.

Right lower quadrant

Quadrant containing portions of the intestines and reproductive organs.

Left lower quadrant

Quadrant containing intestines and reproductive structures.

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Four regions dividing the abdomen for organ localization.

Cephalic region

Head region.

Cervical region

Neck region.

Thoracic region

Chest region.

Lumbar region

Lower back region.

Abdominal region

Abdomen region.

Inguinal region

Groin region.

Pubic region

Pubis/groin area.

Manual region

Hand region.

Carpal region

Wrist region.

Palmar region

Palm region.

Digital region

Digits/fingers region.

Plantar region

Sole of the foot.

Pedal region

Foot region.

Gluteal region

Buttock region.

Pelvic region

Pelvis region.

Integumentary system

External body covering: skin, hair, nails; protects, senses, and synthesizes vitamin D.

Skin

Protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, houses receptors and glands.

Nails

Protect fingertips and enhance sensation.

Hair

Protects and insulates; contributes to sensation.

Cutaneous receptors

Nerve endings in skin that sense touch, pain, and temperature.

Sebaceous glands

Oil-secreting glands of the skin.

Sweat glands

Glands that produce sweat for temperature regulation.

Skeletal system

Bones and joints; supports, protects organs, forms blood cells, stores minerals.

Bones

Rigid structures that form the skeleton and store minerals.

Joints

Sites where two bones meet; enable movement.

Bone marrow

Soft tissue inside bones; red marrow makes blood cells.

Muscular system

Muscles that produce movement and heat.

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary muscles attached to bones.

Nervous system

Fast-acting control system; responds to changes by activating muscles and glands.

Brain

Control center for many functions of the nervous system.

Spinal cord

Conduit for signals between the brain and body.

Nerves

Bundles of fiber that transmit electrical impulses.

Endocrine system

Glands that secrete hormones regulating growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Pituitary gland

Master gland; secretes hormones that regulate other glands.

Thyroid

Gland regulating metabolism.

Adrenal glands

Glands on kidneys; regulate stress response.

Pancreas

Gland regulating metabolism via insulin and other hormones.

Gonads

Ovaries and testes; produce sex hormones.

Digestive system

Breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates waste.

Oral cavity

Mouth; begins digestion.