chemistry unit six

homogenous definition

evenly distributed particles

heterogenous definition

unevenly distributed particles

solution definition

homogeous mixture made up of two or more substances

solutions are made of

one solvent and two or more solutes

solute definition

gets dissolved

solvent definition

does the dissolving

is a suspension homogenous or heterogenous?

heterogenous

suspension definition

heterogenous mixture that can filter or settle

colloid is a type of

suspension

colloid definition

mixture of small, evenly dispersed particles

brownian motion definition

the constant, random motion of particles

brownian motion is observed in

colloids and solutions

quick settling is observed in

suspensions

the tynall effect is observed in

colloids

rate of dissolution definition

rate in which a solid dissolves in a liquid

rate of dissolution factors

stirring/shaking, surface area, and temperature

solubility definition

amount of solute at a given volume, temperature, and pressure

unsaturated solution definition

solution is not as concentrated as it could be

saturated solution definition

solution is as concentrated as it can get

supersaturated solution definition

solution is oversaturated

how does temperature affect solubility

increasing solvent temperature increases solubility

how does pressure affect solubility

solubility gets higher as pressure increases

dissociation definition

separation of ions when a solid compound dissolves

electrolyte definition

chemical compounds that form ions when it dissolves in water

hydration definition

water molecules surrounding the ions

ionization

formation of ions from covalent compounds

what is required to add/remove electrons from covalent compounds?

chemical reaction

aqueous definition

a solution where water is the solvent

precipitate

a solid that forms when two solutions react chemically.

double displacement definition

reaction when two ions switch places

net ionic equation definition

chemical equation that ONLY shows the ions that undergo a reaction

strong electrolyte

fully dissociates or ionizes in water

weak electrolyte

partially dissociates or ionizes in water

which electrolyte conducts electricity very well?

strong electrolytes

concentration can be expressed in..

percent by mass, percent by volume, parts per billion, and molarity

molarity

concentration of moles of solute per liter of solution

dilution equation

M_iV_i = M_fV_f

stock solution definition

concentrated solution created only to be diluted

salt definition

ionic compound formed by combining an acid and a base

neutralization definition

acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water

acid definition

increaes the concentration of H⁺ in a solution

acids have what type of taste?

sour

acids turns litmus paper what colour?

red

acids turns methyl orange what colour?

red

acids always have

H₃O⁺ or H⁺

base definition

chemical substance that decreases H⁺ or increases OH^-

bases have what type of taste?

bitter

bases have what type of feel to them?

slippery

bases turn litmus paper what colour?

blue

bases turn colourless phenolphthalein what colour?

pink

bases with soluble metal salts can form what?

insoluble metal hydroxide

bases that react with carbon dioxide can form what?

carbonates

hydronium ion

H₃O⁺ (aq)

arrhenius acid definition

increases concentration of H₃O+ when dissolved in water

arrhenius base definition

increases the concentration of OH^- when dissolved in water

bronsted-lowry acid definition

proton acceptor

bronsted-lowry base definition

proton donator

lewis acid definition

electron acceptor

lewis base definition

electron donator

conjugate acid definition

formed when a bronston-lowry base accepts a proton

conjugate base definition

formed when a bronston-lowry acid donates a proton

what does temperature do?

increases solubility of solids, decreases for gases

what does pressure do?

increases gas solubility, little effect on solids/liquids

arrhenius concept

useful only for aqueous solutions

bronsted-lowry concept

useful in all cases that do not involve water

pOH of a solution definition

negative log of the hydroxide ion

the dissolving process in water includes

water molecules are attracted by solute ions at the surface

the higher the temperature,

the lower the solubility

which factor increases the rate of dissolution in an unsaturated solution?

increasing the temperature

which term refers to the process by which ions that have entered solution are kept in solution?

hydration

which term describes a substance that increases the concentration of hydration ions in a solution?

arrhenius base

which is the second step in the dissolving process

the solvent molecules surround the solute particles

which is true about dissolving a polar substance in water?

the solute particles are carried into the solution

what is an example of a colloid?

milk

which pair of substances would most likely produce a gas?

metal and carbonate

which statement about self ionization is correct?

two water molecules interact to form a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion.

which is true about the dissolving process in water?

molecules or ions of a solute spread throughout the water molecules.

which best defines an acid?

more hydrogen ions in the solution

alkaline solution

basic

nonelectrolytes fail to ionize in water because

they are very strnogly bonded to each other