Sleep and Dreaming Exam 1

1.     The human species progressively becoming detached from the natural 24-hour light cycle can be attributed to ___________.

a)    Restructuring of work hours

b)    Restructuring of social schedules

c)    Introduction of electric lighting

d)    All of the above

e)    None of the above

D

1.     Of the six behavioral criteria Irene Tobler developed to define sleep outside of using an EEG, which criteria proved particularly important?

a)    Increased arousal thresholds and decreased responsiveness to external stimulation

b)    Homeostatically regulated behavior in which a loss of sleep drives the body to increase sleep

c)    Circadian regulation and persistence of a 24-hour rhythm under constant conditions

d)    Species-specific posture and place preference

B

1.     _____ sleep refers to high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG patterns, while ____ sleep refers to low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG patterns.

a)    NREM, REM

b)    REM, NREM

c)    Overstimulated, under-stimulated

d)    Under-stimulated, overstimulated

B

1.     Nocturnal rest in many species is accompanied by ______ respiration and ______ response thresholds.

a)    Raised, reduced

b)    Raised, raised

c)    Reduced, reduced

d)    Reduced, raised

D

1.     ________ species tend to get more sleep than _____ species.

a)    Predatory, prey

b)    Prey, predatory

c)    Herbivore, omnivore

d)    Omnivore, herbivore

A

1.     What theory has dominated the discussion of why animals sleep?

a)    Cellular restoration

b)    Energy conservation

c)    Consolidation of memory and learning

d)    All of the above

e)    None of the above

D

1.     What is the main attraction of the cellular restoration hypothesis for the need for sleep?

a)    Scientific evidence proves that because no parts of the body move in REM sleep, cells are allotted the energy top restore during sleep

b)    The hypothesis is universal and can be applied to all animals

c)    Many experiments have been conducted resulting in causal data to support the hypothesis

d)    The hypothesis explains the complexity and diversity of REM and NREM sleep

B

1.     Why does the energy conservation hypothesis support that smaller animals would need more sleep?

a)    Smaller animals lack the ability to consume as many nutrients during waking hours as their larger counterparts

b)    Smaller animals have smaller, more intricate brain systems which result in needing more time to process REM and NREM sleep

c)    Smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate than their larger counterparts, and NREM sleep is hypometabolic

d)    Smaller animals expend more energy during waking hours due to their size, and therefore need more time to conserve energy during REM sleep

C

1.     Which cognitive processes have been shown to be impaired by sleep deprivation?

a)    Procedural learning

b)    Declarative learning

c)    Auditorial learning

d)    Both A and B

e)    Both A and C

D

1.     Which consensus have almost all sleep researchers come to when regarding EEG-defined sleep?

a)    EEG-define sleep represents a measure of essential housekeeping functions of the brain

b)    EEG-defined sleep is the inactive portion of the rest-activity cycle

c)    EEG-defined sleep is consistent across all animal species

d)    All of the above

e)    None of the above

E

1. Which of the following people is responsible for beginning the modern scientific study of sleep?

A.    Aristotle

B.    Henri Pieron

C.    Hippocrates

D.   Otto Loewi

B

1. Which of the following is not a behavioral criterion used to define sleep?

A.    Circadian regulation

B.    Species specific posture

C.    Behavioral rituals before sleep

D.   Behavioral rituals after sleep

D

1.     Which of the following is not a theorized reason that sleep evolved?

A.    Cellular regeneration

B.    Defense

C.    Energy conservation

D.   Memory consolidation and learning

B

1.     Which of the following is not evidence that sleep helps with memory processing?

A.    Sleep deprivation after learning tasks is detrimental to information retention

B.    Procedural learning, declarative learning, and insight all depend on sleep

C.    Sleep has been linked to essential neural processing

D.   Dreams often include parts of recent memories

D

1.     _____ is the current model of choice to try and understand the biology of sleep.

a.     Drosophila

b.     Cockroach

c.     Fish

d.     Reptiles

A

1.     Which of the following best summarizes current scientific perspectives on why animals sleep?

a.     Sleep is primarily a way for animals to avoid predators at night.

b.      Scientists agree that sleep evolved solely for memory consolidation.

c.     There is debate among researchers, but leading theories suggest sleep may serve functions such as cellular restoration, energy conservation, and memory consolidation.

d.     Sleep has no evolutionary cost or adaptive value and exists only as a coincidence.

C

1.     An NREM-REM cycle occurs approximately every - minutes during sleep.

a)    90-100

b)    60-120

c)    180-240

d)    30-90

A

1.     What is sleep pressure?

a)    The measurement of the amplitude of brainwaves during REM sleep

b)    The effect prolonged sleep deprivation has on NREM-REM cycle time

c)    The idea that the longer a person is awake, the chance likelihood of falling asleep increases

d)    The theory that the perceived amount of one’s own sleepiness affects the quality of sleep they get

C

1.     The non-linear interaction of Process S and Process C does what?

a)    Prevents the brain from fully succumbing to REM sleep

b)    Increases brain function and aids in declarative learning

c)    Hinders the connection between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

d)    Exacerbates sleepiness because of the combination of their effects

D

1.     _____ ______ is the concept that explains why it can take the brain several hours to reach peak alertness after sleeping.

a)    Sleep inertia

b)    Sleep rebound

c)    Sleep propensity

d)    Sleep structure

A

1.     What is the wake maintenance zone?

a)    The time right after sleep when the brain is attempting to reach full alertness

b)    The time right before sleep when alertness is high, and it is difficult to fall asleep

c)    The time in the mid-afternoon when melatonin levels rise and increase sleepiness

d)    The part of the day when the brain is fully alert and cognitive processes are highest functioning

B

1.     ______ preference refers to the preference of being an “early bird” or “night owl”

a)    Nocturnal

b)    Biurnal

c)    Diurnal

d)    Triurnal

C

1.     Which of these is not one of light’s roles in human physiology?

a)    Increasing nighttime heart rate and core temperature levels

b)    Increasing pineal melatonin production

c)    Improving subjective and objective measures of alertness

d)    Resetting the timing of the circadian pacemaker

B

1.     What are the suprachiasmatic nuclei responsible for?

a)    Increasing production of sleep hormones such as melatonin

b)    Decreasing alertness as sleep pressure increases

c)     Sending neurotransmitters to the hippocampus to consolidate memory

d)    Generating a 24-hour rhythm for the circadian clock

D

1.     Which hormone is inhibited by light?

a)    Melanopsin

b)    Norepinephrine

c)    Melatonin

d)    Serotonin

C

1.     Which hormones are affected by lack of sleep?

a)  Growth and thyroid-stimulating hormones

b)  Digestive and antibacterial hormones

c)  Immune and antibacterial hormones

d)  Growth and digestive hormones

A

1.     ______ and _______ are among the best-known circadian rhythms of physiology.

a)             Digestion, growth

b)             Body temperature, melatonin release

c)             Blood pressure, heart rate

d)             Reaction time, alertness

C

1.     Which type of sleep is most conducive to memory consolidation?

a)  REM

b)  N1

c) N2

d) N3 (slow wave sleep)

e) All of the above

E

1.     Experimenting on rats, scientists found what surrounding REM sleep?

a)    REM sleep decreased while learning increased

b)    REM sleep and memory are related because of the activity in the amygdala

c)    Preventing REM sleep impaired learning

d)    All of the above

C

1.     Deprivation of what type of sleep leads to a lack of functional procedural memory?

 

a)    Slow wave sleep

b)    REM sleep

c)    NREM sleep

d)    Dream sleep

B

1.      Neurons that fire when learning also fire during sleep-onset in which part of the brain?

a)    Hippocampus

b)    Amygdala

c)    Prefrontal cortex

d)    Primary visual cortex

A

1.     Dreams reveal how _______ and ________ memory systems intersect and interact in sleep.

a)    Abstract, concrete

b)    Conscious, unconscious

c)    Procedural, declarative

d)    Novel, consolidated

C

1.     What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways?

a)    Anabolic constructs molecules from smaller units, catabolic breaks down larger molecules into smaller parts

b)    Catabolic constructs molecules from smaller units, anabolic breaks down larger molecules into smaller parts

c)    Anabolic sends signals to the brain to increase metabolic hormones, catabolic sends signals to the brain to decrease them

d)    Catabolic sends signals to the brain to increase metabolic hormones, anabolic sends signals to the brain to decrease them

A

1.     The connection of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and what other part of the brain has been proven to be particularly important in metabolic function?

a)    Dorsomedial nucleus

b)    Lateral hypothalamus

c)    Ventromedial hypothalamus

d)    Arcuate nucleus

D

1.     In mice, the lowering of CLOCK and BMAL1 level does what to their metabolism?

a)    Decreases metabolism

b)    Decreases the filtering of toxins in the liver

c)    Increases metabolism

d)    Increases insulin resistance

D

1.     Which of the following accurately describes how the body maintains blood glucose levels in response to low glucose (hypoglycemia)?

a.     Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin, which enhances glucose uptake into cells and lowers blood glucose levels.

b.    Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon, which promotes glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose levels

c.     The SCN directly releases glucose into the bloodstream to stabilize energy levels.

d.    Insulin stimulates the liver to break down fat into glucose during hypoglycemia

B

1.     Which of the following statements is true regarding circadian rhythms and glucose regulation?

a.     Growth hormone supports insulin’s function and is released primarily during the day.

b.    The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) directly regulates digestion and controls insulin secretion in the pancreas.

c.     Eating meals late at night may disrupt circadian rhythms and impair glucose tolerance.

d.    The brain stores glucose for nighttime activity, making glucose regulation less important while sleeping.

C

1.     What is one major consequence of eating during the sleep phase, according to circadian metabolism research in mice?

a.     It enhances insulin sensitivity and increases metabolic efficiency.

b.    It strengthens synchronization between the SCN and peripheral clocks.

c.     It suppresses orexin activity and reduces energy intake.

d.    It leads to internal desynchrony, increased fat storage, and signs of liver disease.

D

________ is the awareness of the environment and of our own mental processes

consciousness

For humans, about what percent of a typical day is spent in wakefulness?

66%

What are 4 behavioral markers of sleep?

low movement, species specific posture, reduced response to stimuli, reversibility

_______ is the type of machine scientists use to track EEG, EMG, and EOG patterns in sleep

polysomnograph

Who are the sleep researchers who first utilized polysomnography to measure sleep?

Rechtschaffen and Kales

the ____ ________ System is the system in which guides where electrodes are placed on the head for EEGs

10-20 International

the further from the longitudinal fissure an electrode is, the _______ (higher/lower) the electrode number is

higher

the ________ is the spot between the eyebrows

nasion

the _________ is the spot on the ridge on the skull in the back of the head

inion

odd numbers on electrodes mean they are located on the _______, while even numbers mean they are location on the ______

left, right

the frequency of an EEG wave is measured in _______

hertz (Hz)

the amplitude of an EEG wave is measured in ________

microvolts (μV)

Beta activity:

Frequency - ________

Amplitude - ________

Description - _________

State - _________

Frequency - 12-50 Hz

Amplitude - lower and variable

Description - waves vary

State - alert, paying attention

Alpha activity:

Frequency - ________

Amplitude - ________

Description - _________

State - _________

Frequency - 8-12 Hz

Amplitude - 50 microvolts

Description - synchronous waves

State - relaxed wakefulness

Theta activity:

Frequency - ________

Amplitude - ________

Description - _________

State - _________

Frequency - 3.5-7.5 Hz

Amplitude - low in voltage

Description - synchronous

State - drowsiness, light sleep

Delta activity:

Frequency - ________

Amplitude - ________

Description - _________

State - _________

Frequency - 0.1-3.5 hZ

Amplitude - >100 microvolts

Description - synchronous

State - deep sleep

Which type of brain activity signals that someone is in slow wave sleep?

Delta

which type of measurement tool captures electrical energy in the brain?

electroencephalogram (EEG)

which type of measurement tool captures electrical energy in the eyes?

electrooculogram (EOG)

which type of measurement tool captures electrical energy in the muscles?

electromyogram (EMG)

wakefulness:

EEG: __________

EOG: __________

EMG: ___________

EEG: alpha and beta waves

EOG: desynchronous/variable

EMG: high amplitude

wake-sleep/drowsiness:

EEG: __________

EOG: __________

EMG: ___________

EEG: alpha and theta waves

EOG: slow rolling eye movements

EMG: reduced amplitude

stage N1 (light sleep, barely asleep):

EEG: __________

EOG: __________

EMG: ___________

EEG: alpha and mixed activity (A+T waves)

EOG: low eye movement

EMG: reduced muscle tone

stage N2 (light sleep):

EEG: __________

EOG: __________

EMG: ___________

EEG: theta activity

EOG: low eye movement

EMG: reduced muscle tone

a ________ signifies a jump in intensity in a polysomnograph

spindle

a _________ signifies a jump in altitude in a polysomnograph

K-complex

Spindles and K-complexes are markers of what stage of sleep?

N2 (non-rem stage 2)

N3 (slow wave sleep):

EEG: __________

EOG: __________

EMG: ___________

EEG: delta waves

EOG: lack of eye movement

EMG: reduced muscle tone

REM sleep:

EEG: __________

EOG: __________

EMG: ___________

EEG: high frequency, low amplitude, mixed activity (A+T waves)

EOG: bursts of rapid eye movements

EMG: muscle atonia (no movement)

Saw-tooth waves signify which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

_______ REM means constant eye movements, while ______ REM means no eye movements

phasic, tonic

sleep ________ improves cognitive abilities

acquisition

during sleep, the __________ is cleared of short term memories to make room for more during the next wake period

hippocampus

many abilities linked to the _______ lobe are improved by sleep

frontal

during consolidation, short term memories are moved from the ________ to the ________ to establish long term memory

hippocampus, neocortex

while sleeping, short term memories ________ in the hippocampus which helps in the future to recall items from long term memory

replay

a ________ is the graph that illustrates one’s sleep architecture

hypnogram

As the night goes on, what happens to REM periods?

they increase in frequency and length

most deep sleep happens in the ______ ______ of sleep

first third

what are 4 causes of sleep-onset REM?

infancy, narcolepsy, depression, sleep-deprivation

______ __________ is the proportion of time asleep while in bed

sleep efficiency

______ _________ refers to how long it takes someone to fall asleep

sleep latency

_____ _______ refers to how much below one’s sleep need they are

sleep debt

______ _______ is when the body makes up whichever type of sleep it lacks