Studied by 14 peopleFUNGI
Domain?
6 monolithic groups? (CANBBG)
Originated from which single-cellular flagellate protist group?
eukarya, chytrid, asco, neo, basidio, blast, glomer, opisthokonts
what eukaryotic kingdom does this describe?
chitin cell walls (in insects too hehe)
filamentous or yeasts
composed of hyphae (which may be separated by hypha)
fungi
hyphae cells can (or cant) be seperated via septa
_____- has 1 nucleus per septa
_____ - no septa but hundreds of nuclei in continuous cytoplasmic mass
septa hypha, coenocytic hypha
FUNGI
____: single thread-like cell (but can house more than 1 nuclei separated by septa)
____: interconnected hyphae + main body of fungi
____: reproductive body, “mushroom part”types
____: the stalk/stem
____: dome top part
____: thin tissue that hold spores
hypha, mycelium, fruiting body, stipe, cap, gills
FUNGI
3 ways fungi reproduce asexually
what is unique about the dikaryotic stage of reproduction?
conidiospores, fragmentation, budding, plasmogamy/haploid nuclei cell
list order of fungal sexual reproduction
plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, release
are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs? are they more closely related to plants or animals?
heterotrophs, animals
which phylum are club fungi in?
which phylum are sac fungi like yeast, mold, truffles in?
which phylum is Rhizopus (bread mold) in?
basidiomycota, ascomycota, zygomycota
“Imperfect fungi” do not produce _____
(to our knowledge) and are in the phylum _____ and reproduce via this type of spore: ___
sexually, deutermycota, conidiospore
lichen: symbiotic mutualistic relationship formed between what 2 organisms?
____: symbiotic mutualistic relationship formed between plant roots and fungi
fungi and algae, mycorrhizae
what 2 infections do parasitic fungi cause?
athletes foot and ringworm
3 types of fungi nutrition
____: obtain nutrients from dead organisms
____: absorbs nutrients from live host’s tissue
____: symbiosis that is beneficial to both fungi and host
saprophytes, parasites, mutualistic
In lichens:
a. ____ receive nutrients and energy
b. ____ receive protection and moisture
mycorrhizae have a special penetration mycelium called ____
__% of plants have mycorrhizae
fungi, algae, arbuscules, 90
PLANTAE KINGDOM
are green algae include in the plant kingdom?
are fungi included in the plant kingdom?
what do algae and plants have in common?
yes, no, photosynthetic, cellulose, starch, chlorophyll a and b
plant adaptions for terrestrial life:
___: coating that prevents zygote from drying
___: waxy layer prevents water loss
___: openings for gas exchange and prevent water loss
___: root-like structure for anchor and absorption
___: xylem and phloem for water/food transport
___: life cycle alternated between haploid + diploid generations (haplodiplontic)
___: root fungi mutualistic symbiosis
sphoropollenin, cuticle, stomata, rhizoids, vascularity, alternation of generations, mycorrhizae
as plants became better adapted to land, which phase of the life cycle became the most dominant generation?
what part of the body plant is haploid?
what part of the body plant is diploid?
are spores haploid or diploid?
a. produced by process of ___ in ____
what stage produces the gametes?a. produced by process of ___ in ____ (archegonia, antheridia)
sporophyte, gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid, meiosis, sporangium, gametophyte, mitosis, gametangia
which plant kingdom phylum is:
non-vascular (ergo no specialized functions)
a. but untrue as root, stem, and leaves
photosynthetic
“amphibians of the plant kingdom.”
both asexual and sexual
require water for sexual reproduction (bc flagellated sperm)
dominant gametophyte stage
Liverworts, hornwarts, mosses
*the worts came before moss*
bryophytes
___: (in asexual reproduction) multicellular vegetative bodies/buds (lense shaped) that are in cups
gemma
which plant is a true byrophyte?
moss
how are bryophytes important to ecology and economics?
(when bryophytes die, forms a thin soil layer)
ecology: helps prevent ____
economics: used as ___or burned as ___
erosion, potting soil, fuel
which plant kingdom phylum is:
vascular but seedless (so still restricted to moist habitat)
dominant sporophyte stage
true roots
most are homosporous
club moss, ferns
tracheophytes
2 tracheophyte clades:
___:
club mosses (not true moss)
has true roots but lycophylls
sporophylls + strobilus
microphylls
___:
ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails
has fronds, sori, fiddleheads
Euphylls
macrophylls
what do both clades have in common?
lycophytes, ptedriophytes/monilophytes, seedless
____small leaf-like structure w/ single vein (only in lycophytes!!)
____: large leaf-like leaves with many veins (all other plant phylas)
____: bisexual spores; produces 1 spore type that can become male or female
____: spores are already male or female
microphylls, macrophylls, homospores, heterospores
In tracheophytes (as a whole), which vascular organ evolved first? second? third?
stem, roots, leaves
FERN LIFE CYCLE
sori contain the _____
process of ____ releases its spores
process of mitosis creates the ______ (heart shape)
this gametophyte contains both the antheridium and archegonium!
flagellated sperm uses water to ___ to ___ (female gametophyte)
fertilize!
zygote matures into embryo which then matures into ______
sporangium, meiosis, gametophyte, swim, archegonia, sporophyte
Note: Ferns are seedless but are closest living relative to ____
seed plants
club mosses have a cluster of microphyll-type leaves; these clusters form a cone. what is this cone called?
strobilus
FERNS CONTINUED
____: horizontal underground stem
____: tightly curled coils of young sporophyll leaf (emerges from rhizome)
____: sporangia clusters on back of sporophyll leaf
fern’s germinating spore develops into a small __-shaped gametophyte anchored to the soil by ___.
rhizome, fiddlehead, sori, heart, rhizoids
___: primary composition of cell wall synthesized by its _____
_____: contents that makeup inside of cell (cytoplasm, organelles, etc)
cellulose, protoplasts, protoplasts,
_____: undifferentiated cells that divide indefinitely and give rise to differentiated cells/specialized area for cell growth
____ meristems: located on tip of root/stems
a. primary growth (lengthens stem/roots)
b. produces leaves/flowers
c. protected by root cap and stored in primordia leaf
____ meristems: located on sides of root/stems
a. secondary growth (widens)
2 types
____: APICAL; adds secondary xylem + phloem
____: LATERAL; replaces epidermis into thicker periderm aka cork/bark (basically gives rise to cork/bark)
Xylem produced inward, phloem produces outward; bc meristems produce xylem cells first then phloem cells
meristems, apical, lateral, vascular cambium, cork cambium
3 types of vascular tissue
_____: protects plant; one cell thick layer
____: waxy and prevents water loss
____: open and close stomata for regulating gas exchange + transpiration (only found in epidermis cells containing chloroplasts)
____: hair-like outgrowths to reduce water loss, reflect light, and defense
_____:
____: transports water + minerals like PPN (phosphate, potassium, nit)
a. vessels and tracheids
____: transports water + organic material (multidirectional flow)
a. sieve plates and companion cells
_____: functions as storage, photosynthesis, support, short-distance transport
its 3 cell types: ____
dermal tissue, cuticle, guard cells. trichomes, vascular tissue, xylem, phloem, ground tissue, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
3 type of ground tissue cells
_____: (imagine like filler tissue) functions as storage, photosynthesis, secretion
thin walls
living protoplasts = so long life
_____: (imagine celery) functions as support bc really bendy/flexible
thin flexible walls
living protoplasts = long life
_____: (imagine wood) functions as structure and protection bc composed of lignin
hard thick walls
dead at maturity
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
4 different zones of roots (top-→ bottom)
Zone of _____: cells mature into different types of tissue
Zone of _____: cells increase in size (remember the vacuole expansion thing)
Zone of ____: composed of apical meristems, active division going on in here
_____: protects meristem and has gravity role
maturity, elongation, cell division, root cap
Different root types:
____: single large root with emerging smaller roots
____: system of smaller roots of similar diameter
____: any root that emerges out of stem/non-root place
a. ___ roots: thick roots that stick into ground and withstand wind (ex: corn)
b. ___ roots: roots extend into air and absorb water from air (ex: orchids)
c. ______: spongy outgrowth that sticks out of water in swamps/wet environments for oxygen intake
d. ___ roots: cork-screw root that spirals deeper into the ground each year (ex: lily flower bulbs)
e. ___ roots: peg-like roots of plants that lack chlorophyll; penetrates into plant stem (ex: dodder plant)
f. ___ roots: stores excess starch (ex: roots that grow from sweet potato, carrot, radish)
g. ___ roots: stores water, especially in arid regions (ex: pumpkins)
h. ___ roots: for extra structural support (ex: fig and tropical trees)
taproot, fibrous, adventitious, prop, aerial, pneumatophores, contractile, parasitic, food storage, water storage, buttress
___ point of attachment of leaf and stem
___: area of stem between 2 nodes
___: flat part of leaf
___: leaf stalk
___: develops into stems w/leaves or flowers
___: extends stem
node, internode, blade, petiole, axillary bud, terminal bud
Growth rings on tree stumps
light rings = _____
dark rings = _____
spring wood, summer wood
____: life cycle is 1 growing season (ex: marigolds and corn)
____: life cycle is 2 growing seasons (ex: carrots and parsley)
____: plants grow and produce year after year (ex: trees, shrubs, vines)
annuals, biannuals, perennials
Modified stems
____: swollen underground stem with fleshy leaves
____: resembles bulbs^ but no fleshy leaves
____: horizontal underground stem with adventitious roots
____: horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of ground
____: swollen tips of rhizomes ^ that contain carbs (ex: potatoes!)
____: twine around support and aids in climbing (looks like stretched out telephone cord)
bulbs, corms, rhizome, runners/stolons, tubers, tendrils
Leaf morphology
____: single blade
____: blade divided into leaflets
____: has parallel veins
____: has net-like veins
simple leaf, compound leaf, dicot, eudicot
_____: ground tissue found in leaves containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis
has 2 types:
_____: contains air spaces for taking in CO2/releasing O2 process of photosynthesis
_____: column-shaped and located right under upper epidermis; where majority of chloroplast is (bc closer to sun duh)
mesophyll, spongy, palaside
Recall that flowering is triggered by day and seasonal cues; photoperiods can be manipulated commercially
Poinsettias (Mexican red xmas flower) can be manipulated by light in greenhouses, so it grows in time for holidays)
Winter wheat cant flower without being chilled, then its seed will bloom in spring time
say yes
yes
Flower whorls
____: (whorl 4) _____
____: (whorl 3) _____
____: (whorl 2) collective term for the ___ and its structures
____: (whorl 1) collective term for the ____ and its structures
calyx, sepals, corolla, petals, androecium, stamen, gynoecium, carpals
____: flower has both stamens and carpals
____: flower lack either stamens or carpals (hence unisex flowers)
perfect flower, imperfect flower
____ flowers → Bilateral symmetry
____ flowers → Radial symmetry
later evolved, primitive
Double fertilization process
Pollen grain (contains 2 cells: generative cell and pollen tube cell) adheres to stigma
Pollen tube penetrates into the style
Pollen tube cell grows deeper into style, whereas generative cell divides into 2 sperm cells
Pollen tube penetrates ovary in its hole called “micropyle”
1 sperm fertilize with egg to make zygote, whereas other sperm fertilizes with 2 polar nuclei/central cell to make endosperm
say yes
yes
types of pollination
____: flower’s pollen pollinates stigma of same flower (in monoecious flowers)
____: flower A’s pollen pollinates flower B’s stigma (in diecious flowers)
a. Insects, birds, humans (artificial hybridization), and wind can do this
know that there was co-evolution: angiosperms evolved during Cretaceous period, and pollinating insects also evolved during this time and helped the angiosperms evolve
self pollination, cross pollination
Seedling parts
(remember – Seed = mature ovule*)
_____: embryonic leaf that forms the first leaf/leaves
a. Monocots and eudicots
_____: embryonic root that forms the first root
_____: forms the stem
_____: has shoot apical meristem and tiny foilage leaf called ‘plumule’
cotyledon, radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl
_____: fruit that splits open at maturity
Splits open to disperse seeds
Ex: legumes
_____: fruit doesn’t split open at maturity
Depends on decomposition or animal consumption to disperse seeds
Ex: nuts
dehiscent, indehiscent
_____: a “pulling force” as water vaporizes from leaf stomata
_____: water molecules stick to each other
_____: water molecules stick to xylem walls
_____: water goes from high → low concentration through plasma membranes
transpiration, cohesion, adhesion, osmosis
___: if plant cell placed into ___ → cell expands
___: if plant cell placed into ____ → cell shrinks
turgid, water, plasmolysis, sucrose
_____ deal with drought via morphological adaptions like:
a. Dormancy
b. Less leaves – deciduous plants (plants that shed leaves)
c. Cuticle
d. Reducing # of stomata
e. Having stomata in pits in the leaf
say yes
leaves
Topsoil: a combo of what 3 things?
minerals, living organisms, humus
CARINIVEROUS PLANTS
Grow in __ soils which lack ___
Traps/eats insects to make up for their lack of ___
Has modified ___ for luring/trapping
Digests organisms via secreted ___
Ex: venus fly trap, pitcher plant, sundew
acidic, nitrogen, nitrogen, leaves, enzymes
How are we dealing with food security issues?
_____: focuses on increasing plants’ mineral uptake/storage
GMO plants
a. Secrete ___ to solubilize ___
b. ____ plasma transport genes and transfer them into other plants
food fortification, citrate, phosphate, clone
____: use to plants to concentrate and breakdown pollutants; 3 methods -
____: Containment is broken down
____: Contaminant is released via stomata
____: Contanimant is concentrated in plant shoots
All the pollutants are later harvested
phytoremediation, phytodegration, phytovolatilization, phytoaccumulation
_____: divided into 4 eons > subdivided into eras > subdivided into periods
what are the 4 eons in order? (HAPP)
geological time, haeden, archean, protoerzoic, phanerzoic
meteor hit earth ___ BYA
when this happened, oceans ____ and our mantle melted to ____ C degrees
Earth began to change when ____ levels shifted
____ converted rock into soil
CO2 then formed carbonic acid → decreased CO2 → lowers earth temperature
4.6, vaporized, 2000, co2, weathering
Crust created slabs of rock = _____ (under continents + oceans)
When it shifts, it creates ____
2 supercontinents formed:
____ (all continents)
____ (all current southern hemisphere continents
a. ____ (formed from Gondwana)
plates, plate tectonics, rodinia, gondwana, pangea
life first emerged in which eon?
____: diversification of multicellular organisms
animals appeared and plants transition to land
archean, cambrian explosion,
2 theories on how earth’s organic molecules formed
_____ theory: meteors/comets that slammed into earth possibly carried organic materials, but we discovered that meteor carbon isotopes didnt match with earth’s
______ theory: although heavily debated, early atmosphere’s composition was thought to have CO2, nitrogen, water vapor, hydrogen
This chemical makeup is called reducing atmosphere bc carbon availability and its electrons = don't require tons of energy to form life
extraterrestrial, earth
CONDITIONS OF EARLY EARTH
Did Haeden eon support life?
Earth’s first organisms emerged + lived in ____ temperatures
no, high
what process produced atmosphere’s O2?
O2 atmosphere interacted with UV radiation = ___
a. this makes what possible?
oxygenic photosynthesis, ozone layer, life on land
Mitochondria and chloroplasts entered proto-eukaryotes via ____ (in this exact order)
endosymbiosis
evolution of endomembrane system caused by infolding of ______
_____ accounts for eukaryotic complexity
Physical separation of translation/transcription adds levels of gene expression
Golgi apparatus and ER - facilitate transport and localizes specific _____ inside cell
cell membrane, nuclear membrane, proteins
4 plant phyla (in order)?
bryophytes, tracheophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
4 types of growth in plants
____: meristems continue to produce different tissues, similar to human STEM cells, can become anything!
____: animal and plant organ growth only goes to a certain size
____: lengthens root/shoot
____: widens root/shoot
indeterminate growth, determinate growth, primary growth, secondary growth
label accordingly
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
pith, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cortex, cork cambium, periderm
leaves grow from the ________
they don’t really have secondary growth but can*
primadoria
Leaf vs leaflet
____: If its coming from an axil bud
____: If its not coming from an axil bud
Veination
____: all veins extend from midvein
____: veins intersect and come from a central point of the petiole
Shape types
____: no lobes
____: still 1 leaf but lobed (gravity falls leaf)
____: multiple leaflets
leaf, leaflet, pinnate, palmate, simple, lobed, compound
Shoot apical meristems create 3 types of primary-tissue making meristems:
_____: this meristem will make dermal tissue (→epidermis)
_____: this meristem will make vascular tissue (→primary xylem and phloem)
_____: this meristem will make ground tissue (→pith, cortex)
protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
MOSS LIFE CYCLE
spores ____ to make gametophytes
male sporophyte’s antheridia will release its ____ to swim to ____ (female gametophyte)
fertilize!
zygote will mature into embryo which matures into _____
sporophyte will release its ____
germinate, flagellated sperm, archegonia, sporophyte, sporangia
MANCHURIA LIFE CYCLE
spores ____ to make gametophytes
mature thallus (male gametophyte) will release its ___ to swim to the ___ (female gametophyte)
fertilize!
zygote will mature into embryo which matures into _____
sporophyte will release its ___
germinate, flagellated sperm, sporophyte, sporangia
Order of terrestrial life adaptations?
(hint: put on covering, drink water and eat, get in the car, bloom in the shower)
cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers
know that 90% of absorbed water from roots is lost to atmosphere (hence why guard cells are saviors man!!)
say yes
yes
integument develops into = ?
ovule develops into = ?
ovary develops into = ?
seed coat, seed, fruit
During the Mesozoic era (rise/fall of dinosaurs), what type of plants were dominant?
_____: Slow-growing tropical gymnosperms
cycads
____: spore that produces female gametophyte
____: spore that produces male gametophyte
megaspore, microspore
Do gymnosperms have flowers and fruits?
Do they have cones?
Are conifers monoecious or diecious?
a. commercial uses
nom, yes, monoecious, timber, paper, resin, anticancer
What 3 adaptations enabled gymnosperms to thrive in cold, dry habitats?
seed, wind-blown pollen, wood
Are cycads (old house front yard plant) monoecious or dioecious?
Commercial uses?
dioecious, landscaping/ornamental
What is the only living species of Ginkgophytes?
Commercial uses?
gingko biloba, male plants used for landscaping
Phylum Anthophyta - What are 4 critical innovations that helped them be successful?
seed, flowers, fruits, endosperm
what does this describe?
1 cotyledon
Long narrow leaves w/parallel veins
Scattered vascular bundles
Petal sets of 3
Fibrous roots
monocot
what does this describe?
2 cotyledons
Broad leaves w/network veins
Ring vascular bundles
Petal sets of 4-5
Taproots
eudicot
when mature, what structure forms fruit?
Types of fruit:
_____ fruit: contains multiple ovaries (each containing a seed) but all comes from 1 flower
ex: strawberries
_____ fruit: contains multiple ovaries (each containing a seed) but each comes from multiple/its own flower; they all fuse
ex: pineapple
_____: tomato
_____: peas in a pod
_____: has hard pit (peach/plum/cherries)
_____: wing forms as outer structure (maple, elms, ashes)
ovary, aggregate, multiple, berries, legumes, drupes, samaras
Pollinators and certain circumstances for germination
Conifers dont open up until exposed to ___
Nectar-loving bats are attracted to ____-smelling ___/___flowers
____ attracted to red/yellow flowers
____ attracted to ____-smelling yellow/blue/purple
fire, sweet, pale, white, birds, bees, sweet
Commercial uses for seed plants?
Food, Poacea (cereal wheat), rice, potatoes, roses, corn, cassava
Wood used for lumber, paper, resin, etc
Plant fibers (cotton) used for clothes
25% of medicine from angiosperms
Illegal/legal drugs
say yes
yes
label flower accordingly
stigma, pollen, style, carpel, ovary, ovule, sepal, receptacle, stem, leaf, xylem, phloem, cambium, vascular bundle, cortex, petal, anther, filament, stamen
Angiosperm egg development (IMPORTANT)
ovary contains megaspore mother cell → meiosis → 4 megaspores → 1 survivor megaspore → 3x mitosis → 7 cells formed bc 2 fused into a single central cell , there are 3 antipodals, 2 synergids that surround the 1 egg
say yes
yes
Angiosperm pollen development
(IMPORTANT)
anther contains pollen sack holding multiple microspore mother cells → 3x meiosis → 4 microspore pollen grains→ each one undergoes mitosis → now each pollen grain contains a generative cell + tube cell
say yes
yes
where else is lignin present?
inside walls of xylem
why would fungi switch to sexual reproduction?
undesirable environmental conditions,
what is a land plant that does not have these traits:
apical meristems
alternation of generations
walled spores in sporangia
multicellular gametangia
multicellular dependent embryos
charophytes
which anthocerotophyta plant does this describe?
live with cyanobacteria
permanently opened stomata
“horn” shaped gametophyte
which bryophyte plant does this describe?
most abundant plants in arctic/ antarctic
greatest moss diversity (bc withstands long droughts but ironically uncommon in deserts)
prevents erosion, potting soils, burned as fuel
hornworts, mosses,
know that this is the order
Apical meristem → procambium -→ vascular cambium/or cork cambium
Note 
Flashcard (20)