BIS2A Vocab

Erin Easlon 💔

ionic bonds

atoms bound by attraction of opposite ions

covalent bonds

atoms bound by sharing electrons to attian a stable electron configuration

ex. peptide bonds, C-H bonds, C-C bonds

electronegativity

measure of how strongly an atom will pull on an electron

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme

lipid layer

thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules embedded with proteins

semi-permeable

dependent of size

selectively permeable

dependent on what the molecule is

diffusion

cells go from high concentration areas to low concentration areas

reduction

gaining an electron

oxidation

getting rid of an electron

anaerobic

process occurs without oxygen

aerobic

process occurs with oxygen

substrate level phosphorylation

a metabolic reaction that forms ATP or GTP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP or GDP directly

electron transport chain

transferring electrons from electron donors (like NADH and FADH2) to electron acceptors through redox reactions

proton motor force

the energy generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane

fermentation

metabolic process that converts carbohydrates into chemical energy without requiring oxygen and involves the breakdown of organic molecules (e.g., glucose) to produce ATP and organic end products (e.g., lactate)

carbon fixation

the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon to organic compounds

ribose

5 carbon sugar that is part of the DNA nucleotides

ligase

enzyme that joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds

primase

type of RNA polymerase that synthesizes short RNA primers for DNA replication

helicase

unwinds the DNA and pulls the two strands apart

telomerase

an enzyme that adds short sequences to the ends of DNA strands to protect them from damage, it is composed of protein and RNA

replicating linear chromosomes

ribosome

macromolecular machines found in all living cells that play a crucial role in protein synthesis

translation

the process of creating proteins from RNA templates

transcription

genetic information stored in a DNA strand is copied into a complementary strand of RNA

promoter

gene that initiates transcription

RNA polymerase

enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during the process of transcription

activator

a protein that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes

repressor

protein that binds to the gene's promoter region, preventing the production of messenger RNA (mRNA)

alleles

different versions of the same genes

sister chromatids

when two chromosomes are exactly identical

homologous chromosomes

when two chromosomes are not exactly alike but are a pair

recombination

when the sister chromatids swith like one part of them

meiosis

4 unique sister cells

mitosis

two identical sister cells

missense mutation

when a codon changes and changes the amino acid translated

frameshift mutation

when a codon changes and shifts the entire thing

point mutation

only one codon is affected

nonsense mutation

premature stop codon

ribosomal RNA

type of non-coding RNA that is a crucial component of ribosomes, which are the molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis in all living cells

stable

messenger RNA

single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. It carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized

unstable

transfer RNA

molecules that act as temporary carriers of amino acids, bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide sequence

stable

stop codons

UAG, UGA, UAA

Start codon

AUG (MET)

ribosome binding site

recruiting a ribosome during the initiation of translation