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bond energy
the energy required to break a given chemical bond
ionic bonding
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
ionic compound
a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions
Coulomb's law
E=2.3110⁻¹⁹ JNm (Q₁Q₂/r), E = energy, Q = numeric ion charges, r = distance between centers
bond length
the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond
covalent bonding
a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by an atom
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other
electronegativity
the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
dipole moment
a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
isoelectronic ions
ions containing the same number of electrons
lattice energy
the energy change occurring when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid
single bond
a bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms
double bond
a bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
triple bond
bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
localized electron (LE) model
a model that assumes that a molecule is composed of atoms that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms
lone pair
an electron pair that is localized on a given atom; an electron pair not involved in bonding
bonding pair
an electron pair found in the space between two atoms
Lewis structure
a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule
octet rule
the observation that atoms of nonmetals form the most stable molecules when they are surrounded by eight electrons (to fill their valence orbitals)
resonance
a condition occuring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule
formal charge
the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion derived from a specific set of rules
molecular structure
the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule
valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model
a model whose main postulate is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is deterined principally by minimizing electron-pair repulsion
