Critical Thinking Chapt 3

A deductive argument with true premises and a true conclusion must be ________

none of the above

An argument with the following structure, "If P, then Q; not P; therefore, not Q" must be ________

deductively invalid due to denying the antecedent.

The deductively valid argument form called modus tollens, or denying the consequent, has the form ________

If P, then Q; not Q; therefore, not P.

The argument pattern, "If P, then Q; if Q, then R; therefore, if P, then R" is known as ________

hypothetical syllogism.

If a premise relies on another premise in order to support the conclusion, then the two premises are said to be ________

dependent on each other.

If an argument is valid but has a false conclusion, then it is also ________

unsound

The argument form, "Either P or Q; P; therefore, not Q" is ________

invalid

It is impossible for an argument to be valid and have ________

true premises and a false conclusion.

"If Jane is a cardiologist, then she is a doctor; Jane is not a doctor; therefore, Jane is not a cardiologist." This argument adheres to the argument form ________

modus tollens.

If you know that an argument is valid and that the conclusion is false, then you also know that ________

at least one of the premises is false.

The fallacy of distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying someone's position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted is called ________

straw man

The following argument pattern is invalid: ________

affirming the consequent.

The following argument pattern is invalid: ________

denying the antecedent.

An argument made up of three statements is called ________

a syllogism.

If a deductive argument is made up of three statements, each of the two premises is true, and the conclusion is false it is called ________

invalid.

The first statement in a conditional premise is called the antecedent.

True

An argument must be deductively valid if all of its premises are true.

False

A dependent premise is a premise that relies on at least one other premise to support the conclusion of the argument.

True

An inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable support for its conclusion is said to be sound.

False

Sound arguments always have true conclusions.

True

A statement of the form "P or Q" is called a disjunction.

True

If an argument is cogent, then its conclusion must be true.

True

All sound arguments are valid.

True

Inductive arguments attempt to establish that the conclusion is probably true.

True

If a valid argument with three premises has a false conclusion, then all the premises must be false.

False

Hypothetical syllogisms are also sometimes called 'chain arguments.'

True

If a valid argument has a false conclusion, then at least one of its premises must be false.

True

All strong inductive arguments are good arguments.

False

All valid deductive arguments are good arguments.

False

All cogent inductive arguments are good arguments.

True

An argument intended to provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion is ________

deductive.

The first step in investigating possible implicit premises is to ________

search for a credible premise that would make the argument valid.

The best way to learn how to assess long passages containing an argument is to ________

practise.

An independent premise offers support to a conclusion ________

without the help of any other premises.

Because they guarantee the truth of the conclusion, inductively strong arguments are said to be truth-preserving.

False

A deductively valid argument with true premises is said to be ________

Sound

A valid argument is such that if its premises are true ________

its conclusion must be true.

Either p or q; Not p; Therefore q. An argument with this structure is called ________

disjunctive syllogism.

Terms that signal a deductive argument include ________

necessarily, it logically follows that.

"If Toronto is the capital of Ontario, then Toronto is in Ontario. Toronto is in Ontario; Therefore, Toronto is the capital of Ontario." This argument is an example of ________

affirming the consequent.

Modus Ponens

Hypothetical syllogism