ch 1

anatomy

science of structure

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Physiology

science of function

movement, growth, reproduction, excretion, respond to stimuli

Characteristics of living organisms:

m

g

r

e

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Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions of living organisms

Anabolism

assembling compounds and storing energy

Catabolism

breaking compounds down and releasing energy

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant stable internal environment

atoms, compounds, molecules, organelles

Nonliving levels of organization

cell, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms

Living levels of organization

1 ml = 1 cc = 1 gm

Metric Equivalence (in water environment)

skin, hair, and nails

protect, sensation, temperature, pathogens

Integumentary system

Components: ___, ___, and ___

Functions: ___, ___, ___ regulation, barrier for ___ (immune system)

axial and appendicular

support, protect, movement, blood cell

Skeletal system

Components: ___ and ___

Functions: ___, ___, ___, ___ ___ production (structural integrity)

95%, smooth, heart

movement, heat, blood

Muscular System

Components: ___% skeletal, ___ organs, ___

Functions: ___, ___, ___ circulation

central, peripheral

communication, memory

Nervous system

Components: ___ and ___

Functions: ___ and ___

glands, hormones

functions

Endocrine system

Components: ___ and ___

Functions: regulate body ___

heart, vessels

transport

Cardiovascular system

Components: ___ and blood ___

Functions: body ___ system

lymph, vessels

infections

Lymphatic system

Components: ___ glands and ___

Functions: Defense against ___ and disease

mouth, stomach, small, large

nutrients, waste

Digestive system

Components: ___, ___, 19 ft ___ intestine, ___ intestine

Functions: breakdown and absorb ___, rid solid ___

nose, trachea, lungs

carbon dioxide, oxygen

Respiratory system

Components: ___, ___, ___

Functions: exchange ___ ___ and ___

kidneys, bladder

liquid, chemistry

Urinary system

Components: ___, ___

Functions: rid ___ waste, regulate blood ___

testes, penis, ovaries, uterus

procreation, recreation

Reproductive system

Male components: ___, ___

Female components: ___, ___

Functions: ___, ___

Atom

smallest unit of an element

Proton

positive charge, mass of 1

Neutron

no charge, mass of 1

Electron

negative charge, mass of 0

travel in orbitals/shells around the nucleus

Octet rule

inner shells fill in first (1st 2e, 2nd 8e, 3rd 8e)

Atomic number

number of protons

Atomic mass

number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus

Stable atoms

no net charge (#protons = #electrons)

Unstable atoms

a tendency to revert back to stable state

Ions

increase or decrease in number of electrons of stable atom

Isotopes

increase or decrease in munger of neutrons (changes mass not charge)

Atomic bonds

the bonds that hold atoms together to make a compound

Ionic bonds

combine/gain or lose electrons

Covalent bonds

atoms combine and share electrons

Polar Covalent bonds

have a slight charge (water) and asymmetrical

Non-polar Covalent bonds

no net charge (methane) and non-semetrical

Hydrogen bonds

hold molecules together (weak bond)

water, protein, and DNA molecules all held together with these

Organic compounds

carbon and hydrogen

sugars, starches

Carbohydrates

simple ___, complex ___, 5-6 carbon rings

simple sugar

complex sugar

monosaccharides are

polysaccharides are

water

Lipids (fats):

contain one or more fatty acid chains and are insoluble to ___

3 fatty acid chains and glycerol

Triglycerides

4 carbon rings and a carbon chain

Steroids

amino, peptide

Proteins

a chain of ___ acids held with ___ bonds

DNA and RNA

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Nucleic acids:

Bases: ___, ___, ___, ___

genes, 1000

Chromosomes/genes:

chromosomes contain ___ and 1 gene has ___ base pairs

pH

a scale of hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration

Acids

below pH 7 to 0 and are hydrogen ions(H+)

Bases

above pH 7 to 14 and are hydroxide ions (OH-)

Buffer

a pair of chemical compounds that maintain a constant pH even when acids/bases are added to them

Diffusion

general process of molecules moving from high areas of concentration towards a lower area of concentration to reach a uniform or equal distribution

Osmosis

diffusion of only water through a membrane

Simple diffusion

diffusion of a dissolved substance through a living membrane

everything else that's not water

Dialysis

diffusion through a non-living membrane

Opposite from osmosis

dialysis/simple diffusion

Cell membrane

selectively permeable and allows compounds through and prevents larger ones passage

Pass through: CO2, H2O, O2, many ions(Na+ Cl-), glucose, simple lipids

Can't Pass: starches, proteins, nucleic acids

Isotonic

solution on either side of a membrane the same/equal

Hypotonic

dissolved substance at a lower concentration (in beaker) outside the cell than inside

Hypertonic

dissolved substance at a higher concentration (in beaker) outside the cell than inside

Enzymes

a cellular protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Properties:

1. reduces energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur

2. usually speeds up chemical reactions

3. each can only react with one particular compound

4. can put compounds together or break them apart

5. make living things function much more efficiently

Substrate

the substance being put together to taken apart by the enzyme

**the beginning

Product

produced by the enzyme/substrate reaction (enzyme isn't part of substance)

**the end

Plasma (cell) membrane

surrounds cell, regulates transport in and out, made up of phospholipid bilayer and a variety of proteins

1/3 of DNA is in this

Cell membrane composition

composed of phosphates(PO4) and a lipid chain

a phosphate is attached to 2 lipid chains and has two of these chains with lipids facing each other

Cell membrane function

the gateway between the cell's internal/external environment and determines what enters/leaves the cell and how it responds to its external chemical environment

Cell membrane proteins

structural, transport, receptor, and recognition

Structural proteins

glue cells together, such as adhesion proteins which make tight junctions

Transport proteins

move larger molecules across the membrane

Passive transport

don't use energy such as channel proteins and are facilitative transporters

Active transport

use cellular energy and therefore can concentrate substances on either side of the membrane

Receptor proteins

proteins with a specific bonding site for a specific molecule such as a hormone circulating by the cell

Recognition proteins

A unique series of Proteins on the cell surface that the immune system uses to distinguish between your body cells and a foreign invader

Organelles of structure and movement

External cell movement: flagella(only on sperm) and cilia (hair like, lives in uterine tube and trachea)

Internal cell movement: cytoskeleton (microfilaments and microtubules)

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

membrane network close to nucleus (produces organic compounds)

Smooth ER

site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis (no ribosomes)

Rough ER

attached ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus/complex

packeges and modifies ER compound products (sends them to their destination)

exported from cell (exocytosis)

imported into cell (endocytosis)

**UPS of the cell

Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Proteasomes

breaks down compounds and worn out organelles

Mitochondrion

produces the vast majority of ATP for the cell by metabolizing glucose