Trauma and mobile radiography

two

a minimum of ____ positions must be obtained in a trauma

5 degree caudal

a supine chest has a _______ tube angle

35-40 degree cephalic

an alternate AP axial has a __________ tube angle

apposition

an alignment or malalignment describing the relationship of the long axes of fracture fragments

anatomic, lack of apposition and bayonet

what are the three types of apposition?

anatomic

end to end contact =

lack of apposition

ends pulled apart and not making contact =

bayonet

ends overlap with the shafts making contact =

angulation

refers to the loss of alignment =

apex

describes the direction or angle of the apex of the fracture =

vargus deformity

the distal part of the distal fragments angled toward midline with the apex angled away from midline =

valgus

the distal part of the distal fragments are angled away from midline with the apex angled toward the midline =

dislocation

bone is displaced from the joint =

subluxation

a partial dislocation =

sprain

a forced wrenching or twisting of a joint resulting in a rupture of tearing of supporting ligaments without dislocation =

fracture

a break in the bone =

contusion

a bruise type of injury with a possible avulsion fracture =

simple fracture

bone doesn’t break skin =

compound fracture

bone protrudes through skin =

incomplete fracture

the fracture doesn’t traverse through the entire bone =

torus and greenstick

what are the 2 types of incomplete fractures?

complete fracture

the break is complete =

transverse, oblique and spiral

what are the 3 types of complete fractures?

comminuted fracture

bone is crushed or splintered at site of impact =

segmental, butterfly and splintered

what are the 3 types of committed fractures?

impacted fracture

one fragment driven into another =

avulsion fracture

a fragment of bone is pulled away by the attached ligament/tendon =

blowout or tripod fracture =

a result of a direct blow to the orbit and or maxilla/zygoma =

chip fracture

involves an isolated bone fragment =

compression fracture

a vertebral fracture in which the body collapses or is compressed =

compression fracture

this fracture is common in elderly and appears in a lateral view?

depressed fracture

a fracture of the skull, a fragment is depressed =

epiphyseal fracture

a fracture through the epiphyseal plate =

a slater-harris fracture

an epiphyseal fracture is also called?

a ping-pong fracture

a depressed fracture is also called?

pathologic fracture

fractures due to disease in the bone =

stress fracture

non traumatic in origin, results from repeated stress on a bone =

stellate fracture =

fracture lines radiate from a central point with a starlike appearance =

trimalleolar fracture

fracture of the ankle involving both malleoli and the posterior tip if distal tibia =

tuft fracture

comminuted fracture of the distal phalanx usually a crush injury =

closed case

the patient comes back wearing a cast =

open case

is a surgical exam where more often than not the doctor will use the c-arm and ask for pics after the c-arm case is finished =

hangmans fracture

a fracture of the pedicles of C2 =

boxers fracture

a fracture of the distal 5th metacarpal =

colles fracture

fracture of distal radius with posterior dislocation =

smiths fractures

fracture of distal radius with anterior dislocation =

reversed colles fracture

a smiths fracture is also known as?

trimalleolar fracture

fracture of lateral, medial and posterior malleoli =

stress or fatigué fracture

a type of pathological fracture that is non-traumatic in origin usually to mid shafts of metatarsals

principle 1

two projections 90 degrees to each other usually an AP/PA and lateral =

principle 2

it is important to include the entire structure being examined, with joints should be included when a long bone is ordered =

one joint

on follow up exams a minimum of ___________ should be included

hold above and below the fracture site

when and if you must move a fracture how must you do it?

horizontal beam laterals

divergent beams does not project the body part off the IR =

10 cm

grids should be used for any body parts which are ______ or thicker

scatter

an increase in thickness will cause an increase in _________ which makes the use of grids essential

CR centering

must always be centered along the central axis of the grid =

CR angling

must be along the direction of the lead strips =

grid focal range

each focused grid has a focal range of a minimum and maximum SID =

tube side of grid

each grid has a tube side =

off center, off level, off focus and upside down

what are the 4 causes of grid cut off =

off center grid

the more off center the more cutoff =

off level grid

grid is tilted or when CR is angled across grid lines =

off focus grid

stay in focal range common in portable grids

6:1 or 8:1

what grids are most common in portables?

battery driven/battery operated, standard power source and mobile c-arm flouro units

what are the 3 types of mobile x-ray equipment?

10-16 12 volt batteries

battery driven/battery operated is powered by?

180

you can move the c-arm ______ degrees which places the tube on the top and intensifier on the bottom

scatter

when the tube is on top and intensifier on the bottom it greatly increases __________ and decreases in image resolution to OID

image hold and active

there are two monitors for a c-arm what are they?

memory or printed

images can be stored on _________ or _________ directly from c-arm

draping the unit, draping the patient and shower curtain

what are the 3 methods for draping the c-arm

time, distance and shielding

what are the three cardinal rules?

an apron

anyone operating or anyone near during the exposure should be wearing?

vertical PA

the least exposure to operator for fluoro is?

30 degree c-arm tilt

increases exposure to face and neck by a factor of four for fluoro is?

increase kVp by 5-7

small-medium plaster cast =

increase kVp by 8-10 kVp

large plaster cast =

increase kVp by 3-4

fiberglass cast =

surgical radiography

one of the most demanding and intimidating challenges due to pressures =

surgeon

does the surgery =

anesthesiologist

administers anesthesia =

surgical assistant

assists surgeon =

certified surgical technologist

preps patient, maintains sterile field and stocks room =

circulator

assists scrubbed personnel =

scrub

prepares sterile field and sterilizes instruments =

asepsis

the absence of infections organisms =

scrubs, scrub cover, head cover, shoe cover, shoes, masks, protective eyewear and nonsterile gloves

protective surgical attire =

total hip replacement

will use the portable in recovery =

long bone nail or rods

c-arm with possible portable pics after =

laminectomy

surgeon may use c-arm or portable

pacemaker

c-arm can be done in OR or other rooms =

the shoulder, fingers, thumb, patella and hip

the most common dislocations encountered in trauma involve?