APUSH Time Period 8 Vocab D-F (copy)

nationalist movements/decolonization

___________ encompassed various campaigns advocating for equality and rights among marginalized groups such as African Americans, Native Americans, women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and others. ____________, a global phenomenon during this period, involved the liberation of colonized territories from European colonial rule, particularly in Africa and Asia. While the United States played a complex role in decolonization efforts, it both supported and resisted these movements based on its strategic interests and foreign policy objectives.

Suez Crisis

The__________ in 1956 erupted when Egypt's President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, prompting Britain, France, and Israel to invade. International pressure, especially from the US and the USSR, led to a ceasefire and withdrawal, highlighting shifting global power dynamics and the declining influence of colonial powers.

Ho Chi Minh

________ was a key leader in Vietnam's fight for independence from colonial rule. He founded the Communist Party of Vietnam and declared Vietnam's independence in 1945. Throughout the wars against French and American forces, he remained a central figure in the struggle for Vietnamese sovereignty.

Viet Minh

The ________ was a nationalist and communist organization founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1941. It led the resistance against French colonial rule in Vietnam and played a key role in the country's fight for independence.

Ngo Dinh Diem

________ was the first President of South Vietnam after the Geneva Accords. His rule was marked by authoritarianism and political repression, leading to widespread discontent and his eventual overthrow in a coup supported by the United States in 1963.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

_________, was a defense alliance formed in 1954 to counter communism in Southeast Asia. It dissolved in 1977 due to internal disagreements and the changing geopolitical situation.

Viet Cong

The _________ were communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, aiming to overthrow the South Vietnamese government and unify the country under communist rule.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

The ________ was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress. It authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take military action in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war. The resolution followed reported attacks on U.S. Navy vessels by North Vietnamese forces in the Gulf of Tonkin.

Operation Rolling Thunder

__________ was a major U.S. bombing campaign against North Vietnam during the Vietnam War from 1965 to 1968. Its goal was to disrupt enemy operations and infrastructure, but it ultimately failed to achieve its objectives and was discontinued in 1968.

General William Westmorland

___________ was the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968 during the Vietnam War. He advocated for a strategy of attrition and oversaw large-scale military operations, including Operation Rolling Thunder. However, his leadership faced criticism for the escalating costs and effectiveness of the war effort.

Tet Offensive

The _________ was a major military campaign launched by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War in 1968. It involved simultaneous attacks on over 100 cities and towns across South Vietnam, catching American and South Vietnamese forces by surprise. Despite heavy casualties, it had significant psychological and political effects, eroding confidence in the U.S. government's handling of the war and fueling anti-war sentiment.

Election of 1968

The _________ saw Richard Nixon win against Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace. It was a tumultuous time marked by the Vietnam War and social unrest. Nixon's campaign focused on restoring stability, and his victory marked a shift in American politics towards conservatism.

"Vietnamization"

___________ was a policy introduced by President Richard Nixon in the late 1960s during the Vietnam War. It aimed to reduce American involvement in the conflict by transferring more responsibility for combat operations to the South Vietnamese military. The strategy involved training and equipping South Vietnamese forces to take on a larger role in fighting the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces, while gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam.

Pentagon Papers/Daniel Elsberg

The _________ were a classified government study detailing U.S. involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. _________, a military analyst, leaked the papers to the press in 1971, revealing the government's misleading statements about the war. The publication of the papers by major newspapers sparked public outrage and legal battles over freedom of the press and government secrecy.

Paris Peace Talks

The __________ were negotiations during the Vietnam War aimed at finding a peaceful resolution to the conflict. They involved representatives from the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the National Liberation Front (Viet Cong). Despite periodic progress, the talks often faced deadlock. The ________ in 1973 resulted in a ceasefire and the withdrawal of American troops, but the peace settlement ultimately failed to bring lasting peace to Vietnam.

War Powers Act

The ________, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1973, aimed to limit the president's ability to commit American forces to military action without congressional approval. It requires the president to consult with Congress before sending U.S. troops into hostilities and mandates that troops must be withdrawn within 60 days unless Congress authorizes their continued deployment. The act was passed in response to concerns about the executive branch's growing power to initiate military engagements without proper congressional oversight, particularly in the aftermath of the Vietnam War.

Fall of Saigon

The _______ refers to the capture of the South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, by North Vietnamese forces on April 30, 1975. It marked the end of the Vietnam War and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule. As North Vietnamese troops entered Saigon, panic ensued as thousands of South Vietnamese civilians and military personnel attempted to flee the city. _________ led to the collapse of the South Vietnamese government and the establishment of a unified communist government in Vietnam. Many refugees fled the country in the aftermath, seeking asylum in other countries, including the United States.

Cambodia/Khmer Rouge

In the 1970s, ________ was ruled by the ________, a brutal communist regime led by Pol Pot. They implemented radical policies resulting in forced labor, mass executions, and genocide, leading to the deaths of around 1.7 million Cambodians. The regime was overthrown by Vietnamese forces in 1979, but its legacy of suffering persists in Cambodia.

Betty Friedan/ The Feminine Mystique

_______'s "____________," published in 1963, challenged traditional gender roles by highlighting the dissatisfaction many women felt with limited roles as wives and mothers. The book sparked the second wave of feminism, advocating for women's rights and equality.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

The __________ is a feminist organization founded in 1966 to advocate for women's rights and gender equality. It works to eliminate discrimination and achieve social, political, and economic equality for women through advocacy and activism.

Title IX

_________, enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972, prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity that receives federal funding. The law requires educational institutions to provide equal opportunities for male and female students, ensuring that all students have access to a safe and supportive learning environment regardless of their gender.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

The _________ is a proposed constitutional amendment aimed at guaranteeing equal rights under the law regardless of sex. Introduced in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, it seeks to address gender-based discrimination in areas like employment and legal protections. While not yet ratified, efforts to secure its passage continue.

Cesar Chavez

__________ was a labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the United Farm Workers union in 1962. He led nonviolent protests and boycotts to advocate for better wages and working conditions for farmworkers, gaining national attention and inspiring generations of activists.

Dolores Huerta

________ is a labor leader and civil rights activist known for co-founding the United Farm Workers union with Cesar Chavez in 1962. She played a key role in organizing farmworkers and advocating for their rights, including fair wages and better working conditions. ________ continues to be a prominent voice for social justice and empowerment.

United Farm Workers Association

The ________ is a labor union founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. It represents agricultural workers, particularly in California, and advocates for fair wages, better working conditions, and labor rights. The _______ gained national attention for its successful organizing efforts and nonviolent protests, including the grape boycott in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

The ___________ is a Native American civil rights organization founded in 1968. It advocates for Indigenous rights and addresses issues such as poverty, discrimination, and treaty rights violations. ________ gained attention for protests and occupations, including those at Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, highlighting historical injustices and demanding government action.

Indian Self-Determination Act, 1975

The __________ and Education Assistance Act of 1975 allows Native American tribes to assume greater control over federal programs and services in their communities. It enables tribes to enter into contracts with the federal government to manage programs such as education and healthcare, promoting tribal sovereignty and self-governance.

Stonewall Riot/gay rights movement

The __________ were spontaneous demonstrations by LGBTQ+ individuals in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in June 1969. They marked a turning point in the LGBTQ+ rights movement, sparking organized activism and demanding an end to discrimination and the criminalization of homosexuality.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

____________ was a student activist organization founded in 1960, advocating for social justice, civil rights, and opposition to the Vietnam War. It mobilized young people through protests and educational campaigns but faced internal divisions and dissolved in the early 1970s.

"Port Huron Statement"

The __________ was a manifesto written by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. It articulated the organization's principles and goals, calling for participatory democracy, social justice, and opposition to war. The statement advocated for grassroots organizing and challenged the prevailing political and social norms of the time.

Free Speech Movement

The ________ was a student-led protest at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1964. It demanded greater freedom of expression on campus and challenged restrictions on political speech. Through nonviolent protests and sit-ins, the ______ successfully overturned restrictive policies and established free speech as a fundamental right on college campuses.

sexual revolution/Kinsey Report

The _________ was a period in the 1960s and 1970s marked by greater openness and liberalization of attitudes towards sexuality. It challenged traditional norms surrounding sex and led to increased discussion and acceptance of topics like contraception and premarital sex. The _________, authored by Alfred Kinsey, played a significant role in this shift by presenting groundbreaking research on human sexual behavior, revealing that many previously taboo aspects of sexuality were more common than believed.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The __________ was founded in 1970, amidst growing concerns about pollution and environmental degradation. This period saw rapid industrialization in the U.S., leading to widespread air and water pollution. The _________ was tasked with regulating pollutants and enforcing laws like the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act.

détente

________ refers to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, marked by reduced tensions and increased diplomatic dialogue. It aimed to lessen the risk of nuclear conflict through agreements like SALT, while also promoting cooperation in trade and cultural exchange.

Nixon's Southern strategy

_________ was a political tactic that appealed to Southern white voters disenchanted with Democratic support for civil rights. It subtly tapped into racial anxieties and opposed federal intervention in segregationist policies. While not explicitly racist, it employed coded language and symbols to attract white voters in the South. This strategy helped Nixon win elections in 1968 and 1972 and shifted Southern politics toward the Republican Party.

Moral Majority

The ________, founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell, was a political organization that mobilized conservative Christians around issues like opposition to abortion and support for traditional family values. It played a key role in influencing American politics in the late 1970s and 1980s, particularly in supporting conservative candidates like Ronald Reagan.